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Status of Pesticide Usage on Golf Courses in Korea and Optimal Pesticide Usage Plan

Author

Listed:
  • Hong-gil Lee

    (Soil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea)

  • Min-Suk Kim

    (Soil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea)

  • Jee young Kim

    (Soil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea)

  • Hyun-Koo Kim

    (Soil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea)

  • Hyeong-Wook Jo

    (Hansalim Agro-Food Analysis Center, Hankyong National University Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Suwon 16500, Korea)

  • Joon-Kwan Moon

    (The School of Applied Science in Natural Resources and Environment, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea)

  • Ji-In Kim

    (Soil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea)

Abstract

Risks to human health and the environment owing to pesticide usage have arisen interest, increasing the demand for reducing pesticide consumption used on golf courses. However, standard guidelines or manuals for reducing pesticide usage on golf courses in Korea are lacking. Herein, the trends of pesticides on golf courses were investigated, and the optimal pesticide usage plan was proposed for continuous pesticide reduction. In 2019, there were 539 golf courses in Korea. With the increasing number of golf courses in 2010–2019, pesticide usage increased continuously. Fungicides accounted for more than half the pesticides used, followed by insecticides and herbicides. Except for golf courses that do not employ chemical pesticides, pesticide usage per unit area varied in the range of 0.02–65.81 kg ha −1 (average of 6.97 kg ha −1 ). In the US, best management practices and integrated pest management (IPM) have been stipulated and are operational in each state for pesticide management in golf courses, recognizing chemical pesticide usage to be the last approach for pest control and turf health maintenance. Considering that Korea globally ranks 10th in the number of golf facilities and courses, the establishment of IPM practices suitable for domestic conditions is essential.

Suggested Citation

  • Hong-gil Lee & Min-Suk Kim & Jee young Kim & Hyun-Koo Kim & Hyeong-Wook Jo & Joon-Kwan Moon & Ji-In Kim, 2022. "Status of Pesticide Usage on Golf Courses in Korea and Optimal Pesticide Usage Plan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-14, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:9:p:5489-:d:807845
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ron Martin & Peter Sunley, 2011. "Conceptualizing Cluster Evolution: Beyond the Life Cycle Model?," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(10), pages 1299-1318, November.
    2. Zhang, Wei & Swinton, Scott M., 2009. "Incorporating natural enemies in an economic threshold for dynamically optimal pest management," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 220(9), pages 1315-1324.
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    Cited by:

    1. Li Zhao & Changwei Wang & Haiying Gu & Chengyan Yue, 2023. "Do Chinese Farmers Misuse Pesticide Intentionally or Not?," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-16, September.

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