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Principal Component Analysis (PCA)–Geographic Information System (GIS) Modeling for Groundwater and Associated Health Risks in Abbottabad, Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Tahir Ali Akbar

    (Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)

  • Azka Javed

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)

  • Siddique Ullah

    (Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)

  • Waheed Ullah

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)

  • Arshid Pervez

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)

  • Raza Ali Akbar

    (Department of Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
    Clinical Medicine, Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar)

  • Muhammad Faisal Javed

    (Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)

  • Abdullah Mohamed

    (Research Centre, Future University, New Cairo 11745, Egypt)

  • Abdeliazim Mustafa Mohamed

    (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
    Building & Construction Technology Department, Bayan College for Science and Technology, Khartoum 210, Sudan)

Abstract

Drinking water quality is a major problem in Pakistan, especially in the Abbottabad region of Pakistan. The main objective of this study was to use a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and integrated Geographic Information System (GIS)-based statistical model to estimate the spatial distribution of exceedance levels of groundwater quality parameters and related health risks for two union councils (Mirpur and Jhangi) located in Abbottabad, Pakistan. A field survey was conducted, and samples were collected from 41 sites to analyze the groundwater quality parameters. The data collection includes the data for 15 water quality parameters. The Global Positioning System (GPS) Essentials application was used to obtain the geographical coordinates of sampling locations in the study area. The GPS Essentials is an android-based GPS application commonly used for collection of geographic coordinates. After sampling, the laboratory analyses were performed to evaluate groundwater quality parameters. PCA was applied to the results, and the exceedance values were calculated by subtracting them from the World Health Organization (WHO) standard parameter values. The nine groundwater quality parameters such as Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Colony Forming Unit (CFU) exceeded the WHO threshold. The highly exceeded parameters, i.e., As, Pb, Hg, Cd, and CFU, were selected for GIS-based modeling. The Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) technique was used to model the exceedance values. The PCA produced five Principal Components (PCs) with a cumulative variance of 76%. PC-1 might be the indicator of health risks related to CFU, Hg, and Cd. PC-2 could be the sign of natural pollution. PC-3 might be the indicator of health risks due to As. PC-4 and PC-5 might be indicators of natural processes. GIS modeling revealed that As, Pb, Cd, CFU, and Hg exceeded levels 3, 4, and 5 in both union councils. Therefore, there could be greater risk for exposure to diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, hepatitis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and guinea worm infection. The combination of laboratory analysis with GIS and statistical techniques provided new dimensions of modeling research for analyzing groundwater and health risks.

Suggested Citation

  • Tahir Ali Akbar & Azka Javed & Siddique Ullah & Waheed Ullah & Arshid Pervez & Raza Ali Akbar & Muhammad Faisal Javed & Abdullah Mohamed & Abdeliazim Mustafa Mohamed, 2022. "Principal Component Analysis (PCA)–Geographic Information System (GIS) Modeling for Groundwater and Associated Health Risks in Abbottabad, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-22, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:21:p:14572-:d:964546
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Muhammad Usman & Hafsa Yasin & Dr. Abdul Nasir & Waqas Mehmood, 2017. "A case study of groundwater contamination due to open dumping of municipal solid waste in faisalabad pakistan," Earth Sciences Pakistan (ESP), Zibeline International Publishing, vol. 1(2), pages 15-16, November.
    2. Muhammad Afnan Talib & Zhonghua Tang & Asfandyar Shahab & Jamil Siddique & Muhammad Faheem & Mehak Fatima, 2019. "Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Suitability Assessment of Groundwater: A Case Study in Central Sindh, Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-21, March.
    3. Hafsa Yasin & Muhammad Usman, 2017. "Site investigation of open dumping site of Municipal Solid Waste in Faisalabad," Earth Sciences Pakistan (ESP), Zibeline International Publishing, vol. 1(1), pages 23-25, January.
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