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Food Sustainability Study in Ecuador: Using PCA Biplot and GGE Biplot

Author

Listed:
  • Juan Diego Valenzuela-Cobos

    (Centro de Gestión de Estudios Estadísticos, Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI), Milagro 091050, Ecuador)

  • Fabricio Guevara-Viejó

    (Centro de Gestión de Estudios Estadísticos, Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI), Milagro 091050, Ecuador)

  • Purificación Vicente-Galindo

    (Centro de Gestión de Estudios Estadísticos, Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI), Milagro 091050, Ecuador
    Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
    Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain)

  • Purificación Galindo-Villardón

    (Centro de Gestión de Estudios Estadísticos, Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI), Milagro 091050, Ecuador
    Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
    Centro de Investigación Institucional, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Av. Viel 1497, Santiago 8370993, Chile)

Abstract

Agriculture is one of the main sectors of Ecuador’s economy, and the principal agricultural product for exportation is cocoa. Flour samples of two mixtures were taken: a total of 50 samples of 85% cocoa bean shell (harvested from a farm) mixed with 15% soy flour (Mixture 1) and 50 samples of 75% cocoa bean shell (harvested from a farm) mixed with 25% soy flour (Mixture 2). The parameters evaluated were: moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates, ash, total dietary fiber (TDF), and biological activity. Multivariate statistical techniques, such as PCA biplots and GGE biplots, were used to present each parameter (vector) measured. The biplot techniques suggested that the flour samples corresponding to Mixture 1 indicated the most significant values of nutritional and commercial properties. The results suggest that the use of mixtures of cocoa bean shell flour with soy flour can be used as ingredients to produce new foods.

Suggested Citation

  • Juan Diego Valenzuela-Cobos & Fabricio Guevara-Viejó & Purificación Vicente-Galindo & Purificación Galindo-Villardón, 2022. "Food Sustainability Study in Ecuador: Using PCA Biplot and GGE Biplot," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-11, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:20:p:13033-:d:939644
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Christoph Jensch & Axel Schmidt & Jochen Strube, 2022. "Versatile Green Processing for Recovery of Phenolic Compounds from Natural Product Extracts towards Bioeconomy and Cascade Utilization for Waste Valorization on the Example of Cocoa Bean Shell (CBS)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-16, March.
    2. Carlos Moreno-Miranda & Jeanette Jordán & Raúl Moreno & Pablo Moreno & Jenny Solis, 2019. "Protected Designation of Origin and Sustainability Characterization: The Case of PDO Cocoa Arriba," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-16, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Juan Diego Valenzuela-Cobos & Fabricio Guevara-Viejó & Purificación Vicente-Galindo & Purificación Galindo-Villardón, 2023. "Eco-Friendly Biocontrol of Moniliasis in Ecuadorian Cocoa Using Biplot Techniques," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-12, February.

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