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Evaluation of Water Quality of Collected Rainwater in the Northeastern Loess Plateau

Author

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  • Pengfei Zhang

    (School of Geography Science, Taiyuan Normal University, 319 Daxue Avenue Yuci District, Jinzhong 030619, China
    Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Taiyuan Normal University, 319 Daxue Avenue Yuci District, Jinzhong 030619, China)

  • Menglin Xiao

    (School of Geography Science, Taiyuan Normal University, 319 Daxue Avenue Yuci District, Jinzhong 030619, China)

  • Yanyan Dai

    (School of Geography Science, Taiyuan Normal University, 319 Daxue Avenue Yuci District, Jinzhong 030619, China
    Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Taiyuan Normal University, 319 Daxue Avenue Yuci District, Jinzhong 030619, China)

  • Zhaorui Zhang

    (School of Geography Science, Taiyuan Normal University, 319 Daxue Avenue Yuci District, Jinzhong 030619, China)

  • Geng Liu

    (School of Geography Science, Taiyuan Normal University, 319 Daxue Avenue Yuci District, Jinzhong 030619, China
    Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Taiyuan Normal University, 319 Daxue Avenue Yuci District, Jinzhong 030619, China)

  • Jingbo Zhao

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
    Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China)

Abstract

Water resources are scarce in the Northeastern Loess Plateau, and water cellar water (WCW) is a vital water resource available in the vast rural areas of the region. The quality of WCW was assessed by principal component analysis (PCA) and Nemerow’s pollution index (NPI) for different rainfall catchment areas, depths, and storage times. Eleven indicators were measured, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), F − , Cl − , NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , Na + , NH 4 + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and K + . The results show that the tap water quality in the rural areas of the Northeastern Loess Plateau is above the second level and meets the drinking water standard (DWS), which is similar to the tap water quality in the region. The main component score of water quality from tile roof + cement ground (I) is 0.32, and the Nemero index is 0.41; the principal component score of water quality from cement ground (I) is 0.45, and the Nemero index is 0.29; the principal component score of water quality from trampled land (I) is 0.59, and the Nemero index is 0.44; the principal component score of water quality from tile roof + trampled land (II) is 1.87, and the Nemero index is 1.10. The rainwater harvesting catchment area of tile roof + cement ground (I) ensured the highest water quality, followed by cement ground (I), trampled ground (I), and tile roof + trampled ground (II). The water quality of the catchment area for artificially collected rainwater (roof tile surface, cement ground, etc.) was better than that of the original soil (trampled ground). The highest water quality was found at a storage time of 1 year (I), followed by 2.5 years (I), and 2 months (II). A depth of 4 m (I) contributed to the highest water quality, followed by 2 m (II), 3 m (II), and 1 m (II). Water quality improved with the increasing depth of WCW. The rainfall and WCW in the area were weakly alkaline, and the groundwater was contaminated with NO 3 − . PCA’s water quality assessment results were similar to the NPI method, indicating that both methods can be used in combination for unconventional water quality assessment.

Suggested Citation

  • Pengfei Zhang & Menglin Xiao & Yanyan Dai & Zhaorui Zhang & Geng Liu & Jingbo Zhao, 2022. "Evaluation of Water Quality of Collected Rainwater in the Northeastern Loess Plateau," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-16, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:17:p:10834-:d:902259
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Weinan Zhou & Kunihiko Matsumoto & Masanori Sawaki, 2021. "Long-Term Sustainability of Water Cellars in Traditional Chinese Villages: Factors Influencing Continuous Use and Effective Water Management Initiatives," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-13, April.
    2. Zahid Ullah & Yifan Xu & Xian-Chun Zeng & Abdur Rashid & Asmat Ali & Javed Iqbal & Mikhlid H. Almutairi & Lotfi Aleya & Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim & Muddaser Shah, 2022. "Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Evaluation of Elevated Fluoride in Groundwater and Its Suitability Assessment for Drinking Purposes Based on Water Quality Index," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-17, July.
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