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Perceptual-Motor Skills Reconstruction Program Improves Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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  • Sakineh Soltani Kouhbanani

    (Department of Educational Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran)

  • Aribert Rothenberger

    (Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany)

Abstract

Objective: Many children suffering from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show problems in executive functions (EF), which reflect neuronal pathways from perception to controlled action. Treatment approaches that improve executive functions may prevent a negative cycle of failures in students. Hence, this research aims to study the efficacy of the perceptual-motor skills reconstruction program on EF in children with ADHD while considering cognitive flexibility, abstract verbal skills, response inhibition, and working memory. Also, its effect on clinical ADHD symptoms should be considered. Method: The research design included pretest, posttest, and a follow-up after six months. The sample included third-grade school children with ADHD (50 students, aged 8–10 years, boys and girls) who were referred to the Child Psychology Clinic, Iran, Mashhad 2018–2019. After clinical assessment for ADHD, children were randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 25) and a waiting control (n = 25) group. The experimental group received the perceptual-motor skills reconstruction program for 16 sessions (three times per week, i.e., five weeks and one session in the sixth week). Delis–Kaplan executive function system (D-KEFS) was applied at three measurement points (M1–3) in order to test for changes over time. Results: Data analysis (analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with post-hoc-testing) showed that there was a significantly better performance of experimental versus waiting control group at posttest (M2) and follow-up (M3) for cognitive flexibility (t(24) = 4.9, df = 14, p < 0.0001), abstract verbal skills (t(24) = 3.5, df = 14, p < 0.004), response inhibition (t(24) = 7.54, df = 14, p < 0.0001) and working memory (t(24) = 12.69, df = 14, p < 0.004). Further, Conners-Scales-Score improved for the experimental group. Conclusions: Training with perceptual-motor skills reconstruction program clearly improved the trained variables (i.e., cognitive flexibility, abstract verbal skills, response inhibition, and working memory) and clinical symptoms of the children with ADHD. The obtained training may lead in practice to better preconditions for successfully handling daily tasks at school and in society.

Suggested Citation

  • Sakineh Soltani Kouhbanani & Aribert Rothenberger, 2021. "Perceptual-Motor Skills Reconstruction Program Improves Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-11, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:11:p:6210-:d:566515
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ferrán Catalá-López & Brian Hutton & Amparo Núñez-Beltrán & Matthew J Page & Manuel Ridao & Diego Macías Saint-Gerons & Miguel A Catalá & Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos & David Moher, 2017. "The pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review with network meta-analyses of randomised trials," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(7), pages 1-31, July.
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