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Slow-Release Urea Prills Developed Using Organic and Inorganic Blends in Fluidized Bed Coater and Their Effect on Spinach Productivity

Author

Listed:
  • Bilal Beig

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Zaib Jahan

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Erum Pervaiz

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Ghulam Abbas Shah

    (Department of Agronomy, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Murree Road, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan)

  • Midrar Ul Haq

    (Research and Development Department, Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited, 156-The Mall, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan)

  • Mazhar Iqbal Zafar

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan)

  • Munir Zia

    (Research and Development Department, Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited, 156-The Mall, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan)

Abstract

The application of urea-based fertilizers in developing countries has gained significant momentum over time. urea usage is to meet demand and supply gap of food resources as world population is increasing at a fast pace. urea contains largest content of nitrogen (46%) among all the solid nitrogenous fertilizers. However, main drawback of urea is its higher dissolution rate. After soil application, most of urea nitrogen is lost through a leaching, runoff, nitrification-denitrification and ammonia volatilization. To tackle urea related environmental pollution, development of slow-release urea fertilizer is a need of the hour and this would also increase product use efficiency in terms of crop productivity and its N uptake. We studied the usage of polymeric materials in combination with inorganic substances like sulfur and plaster of Paris as effective and biodegradable coating substances for urea prills. For coating on urea prills, fluidized bed coater was used whereas paraffin wax and molasses were used as binding agents. The urea was coated with four different formulations, i.e., C-1: PVA 5% + plaster of Paris 10% + sulfur 5% + paraffin wax 2%, C-2: PVA 5% + starch 10% + sulfur 5% + paraffin wax 2%, C-3: gelatin 5% + plaster of Paris 10% + sulfur 5% + paraffin wax 2% and C-4: PVA 5% + starch 10% + sulfur 5% + paraffin wax 2.5% + molasses 2.5%. Each formulation along with uncoated urea prills (C-0) were evaluated for characterization and N release kinetics. All the formulations along with uncoated urea were applied to spinach crop in pot experiment. A control (No N: untreated) was also kept. Spinach biomass yield and N uptake were determined. The formulation C-1 yielded highest urea-N release efficiency and spinach N uptake of6.87% and 1.93 g N/pot, respectively. Themodified Schwarz and Sinclair formula gave the excellent representation of release of nutrient-N from coated urea prills. It is concluded that coating urea prills with organic and inorganic blends is better option to slow down N release kinetics and improve spinach productivity. Therefore, by using coated fertilizers, farmers can improve agro-environmental value of urea, worldwide.

Suggested Citation

  • Bilal Beig & Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi & Zaib Jahan & Erum Pervaiz & Ghulam Abbas Shah & Midrar Ul Haq & Mazhar Iqbal Zafar & Munir Zia, 2020. "Slow-Release Urea Prills Developed Using Organic and Inorganic Blends in Fluidized Bed Coater and Their Effect on Spinach Productivity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-16, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:15:p:5944-:d:388798
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mohajan, Haradhan, 2015. "Planetary Boundaries Must not be Crossed for the Survival of Humanity," MPRA Paper 83003, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 11 Dec 2015.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ayman El-Ghamry & El-Sayed El-Naggar & Abdallah M. Elgorban & Bin Gao & Zahoor Ahmad & Ahmed Mosa, 2021. "Double Coating as a Novel Technology for Controlling Urea Dissolution in Soil: A Step toward Improving the Sustainability of Nitrogen Fertilization Approaches," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-13, September.

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