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Tobacco Use and Cardiovascular Disease among American Indians: The Strong Heart Study

Author

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  • June E. Eichner

    (Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, CHB Rm. 354, 801 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA)

  • Wenyu Wang

    (Center for American Indian Health Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA)

  • Ying Zhang

    (Center for American Indian Health Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA)

  • Elisa T. Lee

    (Center for American Indian Health Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA)

  • Thomas K. Welty

    (Missouri Breaks Industries Research, Inc., HCR 64 Box 52, Timber Lake, SD 57656, USA)

Abstract

Tobacco use among American Indians has a long and complicated history ranging from its utilization in spiritual ceremonies to its importance as an economic factor for survival. Despite this cultural tradition and long history, there are few studies of the health effects of tobacco in this population. The Strong Heart Study is a prospective observational study of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 13 American Indian tribes in Arizona, Oklahoma, and North and South Dakota with 4,549 participants. Baseline examinations were followed by two examinations at regular intervals and 16 years of morbidity and mortality follow-up. Hazard ratios (HRs) for non-fatal CVD for current smokers vs. non-smokers after adjusting for other risk factors were significant in women (HR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.45) and men (HR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.18). Hazard ratios for fatal CVD for current smokers vs. non-smokers after adjusting for other risk factors were significant in women (HR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.58), but not in men. Individuals who smoked and who were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, hypertension or renal insufficiency were more likely to quit smoking than those without these conditions. On average, American Indians smoke fewer cigarettes per day than other racial/ethnic groups; nevertheless, the ill effects of habitual tobacco use are evident in this population.

Suggested Citation

  • June E. Eichner & Wenyu Wang & Ying Zhang & Elisa T. Lee & Thomas K. Welty, 2010. "Tobacco Use and Cardiovascular Disease among American Indians: The Strong Heart Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 7(10), pages 1-15, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:7:y:2010:i:10:p:3816-3830:d:9983
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Thomas, A.J. & Eberly, L.E. & Smith, G.D. & Neaton, J.D. & Stamler, J., 2005. "Race/ethnicity, income, major risk factors, and cardiovascular disease mortality," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 95(8), pages 1417-1423.
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