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A New Interpretation of Relative Importance on an Analysis of Per and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) Exposures on Bone Mineral Density

Author

Listed:
  • Andrea B. Kirk

    (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA)

  • Alisa DeStefano

    (Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA 01610, USA)

  • Alexander Martin

    (Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA)

  • Karli C. Kirk

    (Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA)

  • Clyde F. Martin

    (Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA)

Abstract

Background: The relative contribution of environmental contaminants is an important, and frequently unanswered, question in human or ecological risk assessments. This interpretation of relative importance allows determination of the overall effect of a set of variables relative to other variables on an adverse health outcome. There are no underlying assumptions of independence of variables. The tool developed and used here is specifically designed for studying the effects of mixtures of chemicals on a particular function of the human body. Methods: We apply the approach to estimate the contributions of total exposure to six PFAS (perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, 2-(N-methyl-PFOSA) acetate, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluoroundecanoic acid and perfluoroundecanoic acid) to loss of bone mineral density relative to other factors related to risk of osteoporosis and bone fracture, using data from subjects who participated in the US National Health Examination and Nutrition Surveys (NHANES) of 2013–2014. Results: PFAS exposures contribute to bone mineral density changes relative to the following variables: age, weight, height, vitamin D2 and D3, gender, race, sex hormone binding globulin, testosterone, and estradiol. Conclusion: We note significant alterations to bone mineral density among more highly exposed adults and significant differences in effects between men and women.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrea B. Kirk & Alisa DeStefano & Alexander Martin & Karli C. Kirk & Clyde F. Martin, 2023. "A New Interpretation of Relative Importance on an Analysis of Per and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) Exposures on Bone Mineral Density," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-19, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4539-:d:1087174
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Emmanuel Dartey & Dag G. Ellingsen & Balazs Berlinger & Yngvar Thomassen & Jon Ø. Odland & Jan Brox & Vincent K. Nartey & Francis A. Yeboah & Sandra Huber, 2021. "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Human Serum Samples of Selected Populations from Ghana," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-15, February.
    2. Andrea B. Kirk & Kelsey Marie Plasse & Karli C. Kirk & Clyde F. Martin & Gamze Ozsoy, 2022. "Predicting Exposure to Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) among US Infants," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-16, July.
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