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Live Streaming vs. Pre-Recorded Training during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italian Rhythmic Gymnastics

Author

Listed:
  • Ludovica Cardinali

    (Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Davide Curzi

    (Department Unicusano, University “Niccolò Cusano”, 00166 Rome, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Emanuela Maccarani

    (Italian Gymnastics Federation “FGI”, 00196 Rome, Italy)

  • Lavinia Falcioni

    (Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy)

  • Matteo Campanella

    (Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy)

  • Dafne Ferrari

    (Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy)

  • Claudia Maulini

    (Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, 80133 Napoli, Italy)

  • Maria Chiara Gallotta

    (Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy)

  • Giovanna Zimatore

    (Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy)

  • Carlo Baldari

    (Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy)

  • Laura Guidetti

    (Department Unicusano, University “Niccolò Cusano”, 00166 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak led to an inevitable and drastic transition to online training systems. This study aimed to analyze the differences between live-streaming and pre-recorded training modalities in rhythmic gymnastics (RG) with coaches and gymnasts of different technical levels. A total of 238 coaches and 277 athletes affiliated with the Italian Gymnastics Federation (FGI) participated in the study. The data collection tool was a self-collected questionnaire structured in three sections: participant’s information, characteristics of live-streaming training, and characteristics of pre-recorded training. A 2 × 2 ANOVA was used for each numeric variable. A Pearson’s chi-squared test was used for each categorical variable. For the athletes, training frequency, motivation, and efficacy were significantly higher ( p < 0.05) with live streaming (3.7 ± 1.5 day/week, 3.8 ± 0.9 score and 3.8 ± 0.8 score, respectively) than with a pre-recorded modality (2.2 ± 1.7 day/week, 3.1 ± 1.2 score and 3.7 ± 0.9 score, respectively), while for coaches, significant differences ( p < 0.005) were found between the two modalities only for training frequency (live streaming, 3.6 ± 1.8 days/week vs. pre-recorded, 2.1 ± 1.7 days/week). The adherence (number of No:Yes) was significantly higher ( p < 0.05) for the live-streaming modality than for the pre-recorded modality in gold athletes (1:74 vs. 14:61, respectively), silver athletes (12:190 vs. 28:174, respectively), and gold coaches (3:63 vs. 11:55, respectively), but it was not for silver coaches. Physical preparation was performed significantly ( p < 0.005) more often (number of No:Yes) for live streaming than for the pre-recorded modality by gold athletes (9:66 vs. 34:41, respectively), silver athletes (25:177 vs. 77:125, respectively), gold coaches (8:58 vs. 37:29), and silver coaches (33:139 vs. 85:87, respectively). Free body technical preparation was performed significantly ( p < 0.005) more often (number of No:Yes) for live streaming than for the pre-recorded modality by gold athletes (15:60 vs. 39:36, respectively), silver athletes (84:118 vs. 121:81, respectively), gold coaches (10:56 vs. 38:28), and silver coaches (60:112 vs. 105:67, respectively), while no differences were found for silver athletes’ and coaches’ technical preparations for apparatus training between the two modalities. In conclusion, live streaming had greater positive effects on RG training during home confinement. However, pre-recorded training could be more effective for some types of training, depending on the technical level of the athletes.

Suggested Citation

  • Ludovica Cardinali & Davide Curzi & Emanuela Maccarani & Lavinia Falcioni & Matteo Campanella & Dafne Ferrari & Claudia Maulini & Maria Chiara Gallotta & Giovanna Zimatore & Carlo Baldari & Laura Guid, 2022. "Live Streaming vs. Pre-Recorded Training during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italian Rhythmic Gymnastics," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-10, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:24:p:16441-:d:996834
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Daniel Collado-Mateo & Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez & Cecilia Peñacoba & Juan Del Coso & Marta Leyton-Román & Antonio Luque-Casado & Pablo Gasque & Miguel Ángel Fernández-del-Olmo & Diana Amado-Alonso, 2021. "Key Factors Associated with Adherence to Physical Exercise in Patients with Chronic Diseases and Older Adults: An Umbrella Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-24, February.
    2. Valerio Bonavolontà & Francesca Greco & Umberto Sabatini & Francisco J. Saavedra & Francesco Fischetti & Carlo Baldari & Laura Guidetti & Maria Grazia Vaccaro & Gian Pietro Emerenziani, 2021. "Effects of Ballroom Dance on Physical Fitness and Reaction Time in Experienced Middle-Aged Adults of Both Genders," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-9, February.
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