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Comorbidity and Cancer Disease Rates among Those at High-Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Population Database Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • David Valentine

    (Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA)

  • Craig C. Teerlink

    (Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA)

  • James M. Farnham

    (Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA)

  • Kerry Rowe

    (National Oncology Program, Veterans Administration, Durham, NC 27705, USA)

  • Heydon Kaddas

    (Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA)

  • JoAnn Tschanz

    (Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA)

  • John S. K. Kauwe

    (Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA)

  • Lisa A. Cannon-Albright

    (Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
    George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
    Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA)

Abstract

(1) Importance: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is complex and only partially understood. Analyzing the relationship between other more treatable or preventable diseases and AD may help in the prevention and the eventual development of treatments for AD. Risk estimation in a high-risk population, rather than a population already affected with AD, may reduce some bias in risk estimates. (2) Objective: To examine the rates of various comorbidities and cancers in individuals at high-risk for AD, but without a clinical diagnosis, relative to individuals from the same population with normal AD risk. (3) Design, Setting, and Participants: We conducted a study using data from the Utah Population Database (UPDB). The UPDB contains linked data from the Utah Cancer Registry, Utah death certificates, the Intermountain Health patient population, and the University of Utah Health patient population. Subjects were selected based on the availability of ancestral data, linked health information, and self-reported biometrics. (4) Results: In total, 75,877 participants who were estimated to be at high risk for AD based on family history, but who did not have an active AD diagnosis, were analyzed. A lower incidence of diabetes (RR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.92,0.97], p < 0.001), hypertension (RR = 0.97, 95% CI [0.95,0.99], p < 0.001), and heart disease (RR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.93,0.98], p < 0.001) was found. There was no difference in rates of cerebrovascular disease or other forms of dementia. Of the 15 types of cancer analyzed: breast (RR = 1.23, 95% CI [1.16, 1.30], p < 0.001); colorectal (RR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.21, 1.39], p < 0.001); kidney (RR = 1.49, 95% CI (1.29, 1.72), p < 0.001); lung (RR = 1.25, 95% CI [1.13, 1.37], p < 0.001); non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (RR = 1.29, 95% CI [1.15, 1.44], p < 0.001); pancreas (RR = 1.34, 95% CI [1.16, 1.55], p < 0.001); stomach (RR = 1.59, 95% CI [1.36, 1.86], p < 0.001); and bladder (RR = 1.40, 95% CI [1.25, 1.56], p < 0.001), cancers were observed in significant excess among individuals at high-risk for AD after correction for multiple testing. (5) Conclusions and Relevance: Since age is the greatest risk factor for the development of AD, individuals who reach more advanced ages are at increased risk of developing AD. Consistent with this, people with fewer comorbidities earlier in life are more likely to reach an age where AD becomes a larger risk. Our findings show that individuals at high risk for AD have a decreased incidence of various other diseases. This is further supported by our finding that our high-risk group was also found to have an increased incidence of various cancers, which also increase in risk with age. There is the possibility that a more meaningful or etiological relationship exists among these various comorbidities. Further research into the etiological relationship between AD and these comorbidities may elucidate these possible interactions.

Suggested Citation

  • David Valentine & Craig C. Teerlink & James M. Farnham & Kerry Rowe & Heydon Kaddas & JoAnn Tschanz & John S. K. Kauwe & Lisa A. Cannon-Albright, 2022. "Comorbidity and Cancer Disease Rates among Those at High-Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Population Database Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-9, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:24:p:16419-:d:996474
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chih-Yun Kuo & Ivo Stachiv & Tomas Nikolai, 2020. "Association of Late Life Depression, (Non-) Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors with Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: Literature Review on Current Evidences, Preventive Interventions and Possible ," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-24, October.
    2. Heidi A Hanson & Kevin P Horn & Kelli M Rasmussen & John M Hoffman & Ken R Smith, 2017. "Is Cancer Protective for Subsequent Alzheimer’s Disease Risk? Evidence From the Utah Population Database," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 72(6), pages 1032-1043.
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