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Impact of Backpacks on Ergonomics: Biomechanical and Physiological Effects: A Narrative Review

Author

Listed:
  • Matteo Genitrini

    (Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy)

  • Francesca Dotti

    (Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy)

  • Eleonora Bianca

    (Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy)

  • Ada Ferri

    (Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy)

Abstract

(1) Background: the effects of load carriage packs on human gait biomechanics, physiology and metabolism depend on the weight carried, the design of the pack and its interaction with the user. (2) Methods: An extensive search in the PubMed database was performed to find all the relevant articles using the following keywords: backpack, rucksack, backpack ergonomy and sports backpack; 60 articles were included. (3) Results and significance: Double pack (DP) and T-pack (TP) designs are recommended solutions for school children, compared with backpacks (BP). For soldiers and hikers, a backpack remains the best compromise. A hip belt is recommended for BPs as well as for the back of DPs. Shorter and stiffer shoulder straps combined with a higher and tighter load placement on the back provide the best combination in terms of balance, muscle activation and energy expenditure. It is, therefore, possible to determine guidelines for designing the optimal load carriage system, depending on the application. (4) Conclusions: based on the available evidence, DP and TP are advantageous in terms of posture. DP is better than conventional BPs in terms of balance and muscle activation, but has the disadvantage of limited visibility, thermal sensation and obstructed ventilation. In general, it is desirable not to exceed 40% of body mass (BM).

Suggested Citation

  • Matteo Genitrini & Francesca Dotti & Eleonora Bianca & Ada Ferri, 2022. "Impact of Backpacks on Ergonomics: Biomechanical and Physiological Effects: A Narrative Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-19, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:11:p:6737-:d:829067
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tae-sung In & Seung-man Yu & Sang-hun Jang, 2019. "The Effects of Force That Pushes Forward Lumbar Region on Sagittal Spinal Alignment When Wearing Backpack," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-9, September.
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