IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v16y2019i7p1269-d221148.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Geographic Inequalities in Accessing Improved Water and Sanitation Facilities in Nepal

Author

Listed:
  • Chao Wang

    (School of Public Policy & Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China)

  • Jing Pan

    (School of Public Policy & Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China)

  • Sanni Yaya

    (Faculté de médecine, Université de Parakou, Parakou BP 123, Benin)

  • Ram Bilash Yadav

    (Social Research Development Centre, Janakpur 03, Nepal)

  • Dechao Yao

    (School of Public Administration, Hunan University of Finance and Economics, Changsha 410205, China)

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to assess the geographic inequalities in access to improved water and sanitation facilities among Nepalese households. We conducted this study based on cross-sectional data obtained from Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys. The quality of water sources and sanitation were defined by World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The geographic categories used in the analyses included developmental region, ecological zone, and urbanicity. Percentages of households having access to improved toilet (5.6% in 1996 vs. 40.5% in 2016) and water (19.3% in 1996 vs. 27% in 2016) facilities has been increasing steadily since 1996 with a great proportion of the households still lacking access to these services. The number of households sharing the same toilet and traveling time to reach water sources have also decreased at the same time. Households in Far Western and Mountains had the lowest odds of having access to improved toilet and water facilities. Noticeable progress has been achieved in improving WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) coverage at national level, however, it is uneven across developmental and ecological zones. Households in the Far Western and Mountain regions appeared to be the most geographically disadvantaged in terms of having access to improved water and sanitation facilities.

Suggested Citation

  • Chao Wang & Jing Pan & Sanni Yaya & Ram Bilash Yadav & Dechao Yao, 2019. "Geographic Inequalities in Accessing Improved Water and Sanitation Facilities in Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-13, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:7:p:1269-:d:221148
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/7/1269/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/7/1269/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Abhilasha Karkey & Thibaut Jombart & Alan W Walker & Corinne N Thompson & Andres Torres & Sabina Dongol & Nga Tran Vu Thieu & Duy Pham Thanh & Dung Tran Thi Ngoc & Phat Voong Vinh & Andrew C Singer & , 2016. "The Ecological Dynamics of Fecal Contamination and Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A in Municipal Kathmandu Drinking Water," PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(1), pages 1-18, January.
    2. Guy Hutton & Claire Chase, 2016. "The Knowledge Base for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal Targets on Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-35, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Thapa,Dikshya & Farid,Muhammad Noor & Prevost,Christophe, 2021. "Governance Drivers of Rural Water Sustainability : Collaboration in Frontline Service Delivery," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9798, The World Bank.
    2. Shalik Ram Dhital & Catherine Chojenta & Tiffany-Jane Evans & Tri Dev Acharya & Deborah Loxton, 2022. "Prevalence and Correlates of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) and Spatial Distribution of Unimproved WASH in Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-16, March.
    3. Naseeha Islam & Pramesh Koju & Reetu Manandhar & Sudip Shrestha & Charlotte Smith, 2020. "Assessing the Impacts of Relative Wealth and Geospatial Factors on Water Access in Rural Nepal: A Community Case Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-13, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Marieke J. Oskam & Milena Pavlova & Charles Hongoro & Wim Groot, 2021. "Socio-Economic Inequalities in Access to Drinking Water among Inhabitants of Informal Settlements in South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-19, October.
    2. Darcy M. Anderson & Ryan Cronk & Donald Fejfar & Emily Pak & Michelle Cawley & Jamie Bartram, 2021. "Safe Healthcare Facilities: A Systematic Review on the Costs of Establishing and Maintaining Environmental Health in Facilities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-22, January.
    3. Seungman Cha & Sunghoon Jung & Dawit Belew Bizuneh & Tadesse Abera & Young-Ah Doh & Jieun Seong & Ian Ross, 2020. "Benefits and Costs of a Community-Led Total Sanitation Intervention in Rural Ethiopia—A Trial-Based Ex Post Economic Evaluation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-21, July.
    4. Darcy M. Anderson & Ryan Cronk & Lucy Best & Mark Radin & Hayley Schram & J. Wren Tracy & Jamie Bartram, 2020. "Budgeting for Environmental Health Services in Healthcare Facilities: A Ten-Step Model for Planning and Costing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-22, March.
    5. Xiaomei Wang & Lin Zhang & Xiaoyu Jiang & Jia Wang, 2021. "Promoting Water Conservation Based on the Matching Effect of Regulatory Focus and Emotion," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-12, February.
    6. Hans C. Komakech & Francis Moyo & Oscar Veses Roda & Revocatus L. Machunda & Kyla M. Smith & Om P. Gautam & Sandy Cairncross, 2019. "What Proportion Counts? Disaggregating Access to Safely Managed Sanitation in an Emerging Town in Tanzania," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-17, September.
    7. Jiseon You & Chad Staddon & Alan Cook & James Walker & Jess Boulton & Wayne Powell & Ioannis Ieropoulos, 2020. "Multidimensional Benefits of Improved Sanitation: Evaluating ‘PEE POWER ® ’ in Kisoro, Uganda," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-14, March.
    8. Kristie L. Ebi & Frances Harris & Giles B. Sioen & Chadia Wannous & Assaf Anyamba & Peng Bi & Melanie Boeckmann & Kathryn Bowen & Guéladio Cissé & Purnamita Dasgupta & Gabriel O. Dida & Alexandros Gas, 2020. "Transdisciplinary Research Priorities for Human and Planetary Health in the Context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-25, November.
    9. Abdullah Shinwari & Alain Véron & Mohammad Haris Abdianwall & Elisabeth Jouve & Remi Laporte, 2022. "Tap Water Consumption Is Associated with Schoolchildren’s Cognitive Deficits in Afghanistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-12, July.
    10. Charlotte D. Smith & Kaitlyn Jackson & Hannah Peters & Susana Herrera Lima, 2020. "Lack of Safe Drinking Water for Lake Chapala Basin Communities in Mexico Inhibits Progress toward Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 6," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-12, November.
    11. Susana Torres López & Maria de los Angeles Barrionuevo & Beatriz Rodríguez-Labajos, 2023. "A new operational approach for understanding water-related interactions to achieve water sustainability in growing cities," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 122-137, January.
    12. Batsirai Majuru & Marc Suhrcke & Paul R. Hunter, 2016. "How Do Households Respond to Unreliable Water Supplies? A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-20, December.
    13. Aaron P. Jenkins & Stacy D. Jupiter & Adam Jenney & Varanisese Rosa & Alanieta Naucukidi & Namrata Prasad & Gandercillar Vosaki & Kim Mulholland & Richard Strugnell & Mike Kama & John A. Crump & Pierr, 2019. "Environmental Foundations of Typhoid Fever in the Fijian Residential Setting," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-20, July.
    14. Shalik Ram Dhital & Catherine Chojenta & Tiffany-Jane Evans & Tri Dev Acharya & Deborah Loxton, 2022. "Prevalence and Correlates of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) and Spatial Distribution of Unimproved WASH in Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-16, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:7:p:1269-:d:221148. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.