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Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils of the Lihe River Watershed, East China: Spatial Distribution, Ecological Risk, and Pollution Source

Author

Listed:
  • Lian Chen

    (Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, 477 Huanshi East Road, Guangzhou 510075, China
    School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China)

  • Genmei Wang

    (College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China)

  • Shaohua Wu

    (Institute of Land and Urban-Rural Development, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou 310018, China)

  • Zhen Xia

    (Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, 477 Huanshi East Road, Guangzhou 510075, China)

  • Zhenang Cui

    (Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, 477 Huanshi East Road, Guangzhou 510075, China)

  • Chunhui Wang

    (College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China)

  • Shenglu Zhou

    (School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China)

Abstract

Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc in agricultural soils at 32 sites in the Lihe River Watershed of the Taihu region, East China, and their potential ecological risks and possible sources were investigated. Enrichment factor analysis demonstrated enrichment in the order Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr. The potential ecological risk index and risk assessment code analyses indicated that, of the metals studied, Cd posed the most significant ecological risk in the study area. Statistical analyses, GIS mapping, and enrichment factor analysis suggested that Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn were derived mainly from anthropogenic sources, including agricultural, industrial, and vehicular emissions, while Cr and Ni were mainly from natural sources. Positive matrix factorization revealed that Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were sourced from industrial and vehicular emissions (73.7%, 21.3%, 71.4%, 20.3%, 75.0%, and 62.2%, respectively), the agricultural sector (26.3%, 36.3%, 6.8%, 38.9%, 15.7%, and 6.9%, respectively), and parent materials (0%, 42.4%, 21.8%, 40.8%, 9.2%, and 30.9%, respectively). It was recommended that strategies be implemented to reduce industrial point-source pollution.

Suggested Citation

  • Lian Chen & Genmei Wang & Shaohua Wu & Zhen Xia & Zhenang Cui & Chunhui Wang & Shenglu Zhou, 2019. "Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils of the Lihe River Watershed, East China: Spatial Distribution, Ecological Risk, and Pollution Source," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-17, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:12:p:2094-:d:239447
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kudakwashe K. Shamuyarira & Jabulani R. Gumbo, 2014. "Assessment of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge: A Case Study of Limpopo Province, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-11, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Lian Chen & Shenglu Zhou & Qiong Yang & Qingrong Li & Dongxu Xing & Yang Xiao & Cuiming Tang, 2021. "Pb Content, Risk Level and Primary-Source Apportionment in Wheat and Rice Grains in the Lihe River Watershed, Taihu Region, Eastern China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-17, June.
    2. Hongling Chen & Dandan Wu & Qiao Wang & Lihu Fang & Yanan Wang & Changlin Zhan & Jiaquan Zhang & Shici Zhang & Junji Cao & Shihua Qi & Shan Liu, 2022. "The Predominant Sources of Heavy Metals in Different Types of Fugitive Dust Determined by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) Modeling in Southeast Hubei: A Typi," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-16, October.

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