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LCA and C-LCC Indicator as Tools for Sodium-Ion Batteries’ Eco-Design

Author

Listed:
  • Maria Leonor Carvalho

    (Ricerca Sistema Energetico–RSE S.p.A., Via R. Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy)

  • Maria Anna Cusenza

    (Ricerca Sistema Energetico–RSE S.p.A., Via R. Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy)

  • Giulio Mela

    (Ricerca Sistema Energetico–RSE S.p.A., Via R. Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy)

  • Andrea Temporelli

    (Ricerca Sistema Energetico–RSE S.p.A., Via R. Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy)

  • Irene Quinzeni

    (Ricerca Sistema Energetico–RSE S.p.A., Via R. Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy)

  • Pierpaolo Girardi

    (Ricerca Sistema Energetico–RSE S.p.A., Via R. Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy)

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries are considered promising alternatives to lithium-ion technology; however, the diffusion on a commercial scale is hindered by the struggle to identify materials with high electrochemical performances. Studies available in the literature are mainly focused on electrochemical performance and neglect aspects related to the environmental sustainability. In fact, the current state-of-the-art (presented in this study) shows that life cycle assessment (LCA) studies related to the production processes of electrode materials for Na-ion batteries are still very limited. The LCA methodology applied during the development of a technology phase can constitute a valid support for an eco-oriented design and, therefore, to the choice of solutions characterized by a lower environmental impact with the same electrochemical performance. In this context, a life cycle-based environmental–economic assessment was performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of the production process of cathode and anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The study is focused on the cathodic active material Na 0.66 MnO 2 , considering two synthesis paths, and the anodic material consisting of tin (Sn) and Sn-carbon nanofiber (Sn-Cn) active material, binder, and other additives. Results illustrate the environmental performance of the different materials and constitute a useful input for their selection within an eco-design view.

Suggested Citation

  • Maria Leonor Carvalho & Maria Anna Cusenza & Giulio Mela & Andrea Temporelli & Irene Quinzeni & Pierpaolo Girardi, 2023. "LCA and C-LCC Indicator as Tools for Sodium-Ion Batteries’ Eco-Design," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-20, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:17:p:6220-:d:1226386
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Giulio Mela & Maria Leonor Carvalho & Andrea Temporelli & Pierpaolo Girardi, 2021. "The Commodity Life Cycle Costing Indicator. An Economic Measure of Natural Resource Use in the Life Cycle," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-20, April.
    2. Perveen, Tahira & Siddiq, Muhammad & Shahzad, Nadia & Ihsan, Rida & Ahmad, Abrar & Shahzad, Muhammad Imran, 2020. "Prospects in anode materials for sodium ion batteries - A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    3. Maria Leonor Carvalho & Giulio Mela & Andrea Temporelli & Elisabetta Brivio & Pierpaolo Girardi, 2022. "Sodium-Ion Batteries with Ti 1 Al 1 TiC 1.85 MXene as Negative Electrode: Life Cycle Assessment and Life Critical Resource Use Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-18, May.
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