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Energy-Saving Routing Protocols for Smart Cities

Author

Listed:
  • Douglas de Farias Medeiros

    (Post-Graduation Program in Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 5045, PB, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Cleonilson Protasio de Souza

    (Post-Graduation Program in Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 5045, PB, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Fabricio Braga Soares de Carvalho

    (Post-Graduation Program in Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 5045, PB, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Waslon Terllizzie Araújo Lopes

    (Post-Graduation Program in Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 5045, PB, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

In recent decades, expansion in urban areas has faced issues such as management of public waste, noise, mobility, and air quality, among others. In this scenario, Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) scenarios are being considered for Smart Cities solutions based on the deployment of wireless remote sensor nodes to monitor large urban areas. However, as the number of nodes increases, the amount of data to be routed increases significantly as well, meaning that the choice of the data routing process has great importance in terms of the energy consumption and lifetime of the network. In this work, we describe and evaluate the energy consumption of routing protocols for WSN-based Smart Cities applications in LoRa-based mesh networks, then propose a novel energy-saving radio power adjustment (RPA) routing protocol. The Cupcarbon network simulator was used to evaluate the performance of different routing protocols in terms of their data package delivery rate, average end-to-end delay, average jitter, throughput, and load consumption of battery charge. Additionally, a novel tool for determining the range of nodes based on the Egli propagation model was designed and integrated into Cupcarbon. The routing protocols used in this work are Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Distance Vector Routing (DVR). Our simulation results show that AODV presents the best overall performance, DSR achieves the best results for power consumption, and DVR is the best protocol in terms of latency. Finally, the proposed RPA routing protocol presents power savings of 11.32% compared to the original DSR protocol.

Suggested Citation

  • Douglas de Farias Medeiros & Cleonilson Protasio de Souza & Fabricio Braga Soares de Carvalho & Waslon Terllizzie Araújo Lopes, 2022. "Energy-Saving Routing Protocols for Smart Cities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-19, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:19:p:7382-:d:936124
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Carolina Del-Valle-Soto & Carlos Mex-Perera & Juan Arturo Nolazco-Flores & Ramiro Velázquez & Alberto Rossa-Sierra, 2020. "Wireless Sensor Network Energy Model and Its Use in the Optimization of Routing Protocols," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-33, February.
    2. Carolina Del-Valle-Soto & Ramiro Velázquez & Leonardo J. Valdivia & Nicola Ivan Giannoccaro & Paolo Visconti, 2020. "An Energy Model Using Sleeping Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks under Proactive and Reactive Protocols: A Performance Evaluation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-31, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Felipe Pinheiro Correia & Samara Ruthielle da Silva & Fabricio Braga Soares de Carvalho & Marcelo Sampaio de Alencar & Karcius Day Rosario Assis & Rodrigo Moreira Bacurau, 2023. "LoRaWAN Gateway Placement in Smart Agriculture: An Analysis of Clustering Algorithms and Performance Metrics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-21, March.
    2. Anna Jasińska-Biliczak, 2022. "Smart-City Citizen Engagement: The Answer to Energy Savings in an Economic Crisis?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-15, November.

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