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Trends in home purchase lending: consolidation and the Community Reinvestment Act

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Author Info
Robert B. Avery
Raphael W. Bostic
Paul S. Calem
Glenn B. Canner
Abstract

Consolidation among banking institutions has substantially changed the structure of the banking industry. Between 1975 and 1997, the number of commercial banks and savings associations declined more than 40 percent. Over the same broad period, the market for home mortgage lending has also changed substantially. Notably, home mortgage lending is no longer primarily the province of banking institutions operating in the communities in which they have banking offices. In recent decades, mortgage and finance companies and banking organizations operating outside their local communities have gained a significant share of the mortgage market. These changes have fueled debate regarding their effects on the provision of home mortgage loans. One particular concern is that, as a consequence of these changes, lower-income and minority borrowers and borrowers in lower-income and minority neighborhoods may face reduced access to mortgage credit. ; This article examines the relationship between consolidation among banking organizations in local markets and changes in home purchase lending over the 1993-97 period, both in terms of total lending and lending to lower-income and minority borrowers and neighborhoods. Because credit availability is believed to be essential to the economic health and vitality of neighborhoods, the article also examines the relationship between consolidation and changes in home purchase lending by institutions in those areas where they have responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act.

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File URL: http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/bulletin/1999/0299lead.pdf
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Article provided by Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.) in its journal Federal Reserve Bulletin.

Volume (Year): (1999)
Issue (Month): Feb ()
Pages: 81-102
Download reference. The following formats are available: HTML (with abstract), plain text (with abstract), BibTeX, RIS (EndNote, RefMan, ProCite), ReDIF
Handle: RePEc:fip:fedgrb:y:1999:i:feb:p:81-102:n:v.85no.2

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Related research
Keywords: Bank mergers ; Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 ; Mortgages;

Cited by:
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  1. Elizabeth Laderman & Carolina Reid, 2008. "Lending in low- and moderate-income neighborhoods in California: the performance of CRA lending during the subprime meltdown," Community Development Investment Center Working Paper 2008-05, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. [Downloadable!]
  2. Eric S. Belsky & Michael Schill & Anthony Yezer, 2001. "The effect of the Community Reinvestment Act of bank and thrift home purchase mortgage lending," Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, issue Apr, pages 271-300. [Downloadable!]
  3. Raphael Bostic & Brian J. Surette, 2000. "Have the doors opened wider? trends in homeownership rates by race and income," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2000-31, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.). [Downloadable!]
  4. Raphael W. Bostic & Breck L. Robinson, 2003. "What makes CRA agreements work? a study of lender responses to CRA agreements," Proceedings, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.). [Downloadable!]
  5. Raphael Bostic & Hamid Mehran & Anna Paulson & Marc Saidenberg, 2002. "Regulatory incentives and consolidation: the case of commercial bank mergers and the Community Reinvestment Act," Working Paper Series WP-02-06, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. [Downloadable!]
  6. Kenneth Temkin & Roberto Quercia & George Galster, 2000. "The impact of secondary mortgage market guidelines on affordable and fair lending: A reconnaissance from the front lines," The Review of Black Political Economy, Springer, vol. 28(2), pages 29-52, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Katherine A. Samolyk & Christopher A. Richardson, 2001. "The impact of bank consolidation on CRA business lending," Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, issue Apr, pages 320-339. [Downloadable!]
  8. AKM Rezaul Hossain, 2004. "The Past, Present and Future of Community Reinvestment Act (CRA): A Historical Perspective," Working papers 2004-30, University of Connecticut, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  9. Robert Avery & Katherine Samolyk, 2004. "Bank Consolidation and Small Business Lending: The Role of Community Banks," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer, vol. 25(2), pages 291-325, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Raphael W. Bostic & Breck L. Robinson, 2004. "The impact of CRA agreements on community banks," Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, issue May, pages 165-187. [Downloadable!]
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