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El supermultiplicador, la acumulación de capital, las exportaciones y el crecimiento económico

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  • Perrotini Hernández, Ignacio

    (División de Estudios de Posgrado, UNAM)

  • Vázquez-Muñoz, Juan Alberto

    (Facultad de Economía, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla)

Abstract

Background: Following Kaldor (1978) and Thirlwall (1979), McCombie (1985) advanced a foreign trade super-multiplier that positively influences other components of aggregate demand of a Balance-of-Payments constrained economy. In this paper, it is shown that net capital stock also exerts a super-multiplier effect, which, contrary to the exports multiplier, happens to be independent from the income elasticity of the demand for imports. Methods: A theoretical model is here presented where given the exports and net capital stock levels, the income level is adjusted to get trade balance equilibrium. We carried out econometric estimations using a fixed effect model and unbalanced panel data to compute the elasticities of both GDP and production for the domestic market vis-à-vis exports and the net capital stock. Our estimations are based on data from six Latin American countries for the period 1951-2015 and the sub-periods prior and after economic liberalization. Results: The elasticities of both GDP and production for the domestic market vis-à-vis the net capital stock proved to be higher than the said elasticities with respect to exports. Conclusions: Capital accumulation can positively affect the trade balance through economic capacity building and import substitution. Capital accumulation imparts a super-multiplier effect; as Hicks (1950) had pointed out, it makes space for aggregate demand to increase regardless the value of the income elasticity of the demand for imports. McCombie’s foreign trade super-multiplier is valid if and only if the income elasticity of total absorption of goods and services is lower than one. Yet, if such elasticity happens to be higher than one, an increase in exports will call for a reduction of the aggregate demand components other than exports so as to preserve the Balance of Payments dynamic equilibrium.// Antecedentes: Siguiendo a Kaldor (1978) y a Thirlwall (1979), McCombie (1985) propone un supermultiplicador de las exportaciones en el que éstas afectan positivamente a los componentes de la demanda agregada en el contexto de una economía restringida por la balanza de pagos. En este artículo demostramos que el stock neto de capital también ejerce un efecto supermultiplicador que, a diferencia del anterior, es independiente del valor de la elasticidad ingreso de la demanda de importaciones. Método: Desarrollamos un modelo teórico en el que, dados los niveles de las exportaciones y del stock neto de capital, el nivel de ingreso se ajusta para equilibrar la balanza comercial. Asimismo, realizamos estimaciones econométricas mediante la técnica de efectos fijos usando paneles no balanceados con el fin de calcular las elasticidades del producto interno bruto (PIB) y de la producción para el mercado doméstico con respecto a las exportaciones y al stock neto de capital. Utilizamos datos correspondientes a seis países latinoamericanos para el periodo 1951-2015 y para los subperiodos antes y después de la liberalización económica. Resultados: Tanto el PIB como la producción para consumo doméstico exhiben una mayor elasticidad respecto a la acumulación neta de capital que en relación con las exportaciones. Conclusiones: La acumulación de capital puede afectar positivamente a la balanza comercial mediante la creación de capacidad productiva y la sustitución de importaciones. En consecuencia, tal como lo postuló Hicks (1950), la acumulación tiene un efecto supermultiplicador al permitir el incremento del resto de la demanda agregada, independientemente del valor de la elasticidad ingreso de la demanda de importaciones. El supermultiplicador de las exportaciones (McCombie, 1985) sólo es válido si la elasticidad ingreso de la absorción total de bienes y servicios es menor que la unidad. Además, si la elasticidad ingreso de la demanda de importaciones es mayor que la unidad, un incremento de las exportaciones implica la necesidad de reducir otros componentes de la demanda agregada con el fin de mantener el equilibrio dinámico de la balanza de pagos.

Suggested Citation

  • Perrotini Hernández, Ignacio & Vázquez-Muñoz, Juan Alberto, 2018. "El supermultiplicador, la acumulación de capital, las exportaciones y el crecimiento económico," El Trimestre Económico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, vol. 0(338), pages .411-432, abril-jun.
  • Handle: RePEc:elt:journl:v:85:y:2018:i:338:p:411-432
    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20430/ete.v85i338.542
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    crecimiento económico; América Latina; exportaciones; importaciones; acumulación de capital;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O40 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - General
    • O47 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
    • O54 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Latin America; Caribbean
    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
    • E22 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity

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