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Cálculo de seguros de desempleo para créditos en México

Author

Listed:
  • Fernández-Durán, Juan José

    (División Académica de Actuaría, Estadística y Matemáticas del Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México)

  • Gregorio-Domínguez, Mercedes M.

    (División Académica de Actuaría, Estadística y Matemáticas del Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México)

  • Soto-Roiz, Francisco

    (Grupo Posadas México)

Abstract

When a person makes an installment purchase of a durable good it is possible that he/she will be unable to make the periodical payments because he/she losses his/her employment involuntarily. This is an issue both to the borrower as well as to the creditor. The borrower can be deprived of the good and the creditor can incur an operational loss. In this paper we develop a methodology to calculate the net premium of an insurance against involuntary unemployment for installment purchase of durable goods. The benefits of this insurance are a predetermined number of installments during the unemployment spell. The insurance has the same starting date and duration as the installment purchase and only the first involuntary unemployment spell is considered for benefits. The cost of the insurance is obtained by using a two-state (employed-unemployed) continuous time Markow chain. The transition rates of the chain are modeled as functions of the covariates gender, marital status, age and educational level. By use these covariates it is possible to identify different risk groups. The transition rates are estimated by using data from the National Urban Employment Surver (Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano ENEU, INEGI, 1998) in Mexico. By considering all the possible employed-unemployed trajectories during the installment purchase period and the probability of each of these trajectories, it is possible to obtain the probability distribution of the required amount for insurance which is defined as the monthly amount that the borrower should have to pay in order to cover the payments of the credit during the first unemployment spell is the considered trajectory occurs. From this probability distribution it is possible to calculate different measures such as the standard deviation or quantiles to set safety limits in the cost of the insurance and to give insight into the riskiness of the insurance contract. // Cuando se otorga un crédito a plazo fijo a una persona para comprar un bien de consumo duradero existe la posibilidad de que ésta no pueda hacer frente a los pagos del crédito debido a que pierda su empleo de manera involuntaria. Esta situación representa un problema tanto para el deudor como para el acreedor. El acreedor puede incurrir en una pérdida operativa y el deudor ser despojado del bien. En este trabajo se establece una metodología para el cálculo de la prima de un seguro de desempleo cuyos beneficios, en caso de desempleo involuntario del deudor, son el pago de un número máximo (predeterminado en el contrato de seguro) de las mensualidades de su crédito durante el periodo de desempleo. El seguro propuesto tiene una vigencia igual a la del crédito y sólo el primer desempleo durante la vigencia del crédito es considerado para el pago de beneficios. El costo del seguro se obtiene estimando las tasas de transición de una cadena de Markov en tiempo continuo con dos estados (empleado y desempleado). Estas tasas de transición se modelan como funciones de covariables, como el género, el estado civil, la edad y la escolaridad. El uso de estas covariables permite distinguir grupos de riesgo en los cuales una prima distinta debe ser cobrada. Para la estimación de las tasas de transición se utilizan bases de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano (ENEU) (INEGI,1998). Al considerar todas las posibles trayectorias de empleo-desempleo en la duración del crédito, así como las probabilidades de cada una de ellas, obtenemos la distribución de probabilidades de la cantidad mensual requerida por el seguro definida como la cantidad mensual que el asegurado debería pagar para cubrir las mensualidades de su crédito durante el primer periodo de desempleo si ocurriese la trayectoria de empleo-desempleo considerada. A partir de esta distribución de probabilidades es posible calcular distintas medidas, como la desviación estándar o cuantiles para incluir recargos en el costo del seguro y cuantificar el riesgo del contrato del seguro.

Suggested Citation

  • Fernández-Durán, Juan José & Gregorio-Domínguez, Mercedes M. & Soto-Roiz, Francisco, 2003. "Cálculo de seguros de desempleo para créditos en México," El Trimestre Económico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, vol. 0(279), pages 507-533, julio-sep.
  • Handle: RePEc:elt:journl:v:70:y:2003:i:279:p:507-533
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