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Regímenes comerciales y el traspaso del tipo de cambio: ¿Hay un enigma mexicano?

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  • González, José Antonio

    (Departamento de Economía de Harvard, Cambridge)

Abstract

his paper examines the effect of trade regimes on exchange rate pass-through i.e. the relationship of import prices to the exchange rate. On the surface, empirical findings from Mexico contradict existing theory. Exchange rate pass- through was close to one in the presence of non-tariff-barriers when Mexico was a very closed economy, and dropped in 47/53 narrowly defined industries as import shares and commercial ties with the rest of the world increased. The solution to the puzzling behavior of pass-through lies on the market structure effects of Mexican NTBs. Import licenses prior to trade liberalization led to the creation of monopolistically behaving importers who found it optimal to fully "pass-on" exchange rate fluctuations. Therefore, what is commonly regarded as a quantitative restriction actually worked as a privately administered tariff. Trade liberalization eliminated monopolist importers causing prices of imports to fall as entry and increased goods variety caused perceived elasticities to rise. Thus pass-through appears to be low during this period. The six sectors in which pass-through did not fall, belonged to agriculture and paper which had state owned monopolies as the only entities allowed to import goods thereby fully corroborating the framework proposed for the closed period has well as food policies. Similarly, we find a positive and significant correlation of fall in pass-through and entry in the import sector confirming the pos liberalization scenario. These findings suggest conventional protection measures understate the degree of trade liberalization for many structural reform programs. Moreover, we argue that a cointegration equation is the proper way to test for the law of one prince which we find to hold between Mexican import prices and U.S.PPI.// Este ensayo examina el efecto de los regímenes comerciales en el traspaso (passthrouh) del tipo de cambio, es decir, la relación entre los precios de las importaciones y el tipo de cambio. A primera vista, los hallazgos empíricos mexicanos contradicen la teoría actual. El traspaso del tipo de cambio se aproximó a uno cuando México era una economía muy cerrada, con barreras no arancelarias, y disminuyó en 47 de 53 industrias estrictamente definidas al aumentar la participación de las importaciones y los lazos comerciales con el resto del mundo. La solución para el comportamiento desconcertante del traspaso se encuentra en los efectos de estructura de mercado de las barreras no arancelarias (BNA) mexicanas. Las licencias de importación anteriores a la liberación comercial condujeron a la creación de importadores monopólicos que trasladaban en su totalidad las fluctuaciones del tipo de cambio. Por tanto, lo que se considera comúnmente como un a restricción cuantitativa operaba en efecto como un arancel de administración privada. La liberación comercial eliminó a los importadores monopólicos, de modo que los precios de las importaciones bajaron al incrementarse las elasticidades percibidas por efecto de la entrada y la mayor diversidad de los bienes. En consecuencia, el traspaso parece bajo durante ese periodo. Los seis sectores en los que no disminuyó el traspaso pertenecían a la agricultura y la industria del papel, en los que operaban monopolios estatales como las únicas entidades facultadas para importar bienes, lo que corrobora plenamente el marco propuesto para el período cerrado y para las políticas alimentarias. De igual modo, encontramos una correlación positiva y significativa entre la disminución del traspaso y la entrada libre en el sector importador, lo que confirma el panorama posterior a la liberación. Estos hallazgos sugieren que las medidas de protección tradicionales subestiman el grado de liberación comercial de muchos programas de reforma estructural. Además, sostenemos que una ecuación de cointegración es el procedimiento apropiado para verificar la ley de un solo precio que corroboramos entre los precios de las importaciones mexicanas y el índice de los precios al productor (IPP) de los Estados Unidos.

Suggested Citation

  • González, José Antonio, 1998. "Regímenes comerciales y el traspaso del tipo de cambio: ¿Hay un enigma mexicano?," El Trimestre Económico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, vol. 65(257), pages 49-97, enero-mar.
  • Handle: RePEc:elt:journl:v:65:y:1998:i:257:p:49-97
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    Cited by:

    1. Capistrán Carlos & Ibarra-Ramírez Raúl & Ramos Francia Manuel, 2011. "Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Prices: Evidence from Mexico," Working Papers 2011-12, Banco de México.

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