The geothermal energy landscape in Indonesia: A comprehensive 2023 update on power generation, policies, risks, phase and the role of education

Geothermal energy is a remarkable natural and renewable resource, attracted growing interest due to its eco-friendly characteristics. Indonesia, located in the pacific ring of fire, stands as a leading country in the utilization of geothermal energy, favored with abundant reserves. According to the Indonesia Energy Transition Outlook 2022, the potential for geothermal energy in the country amounts to a substantial 29.5 GW. Government aims to increase the utilization of the national energy mix to over 5 % by 2025. To facilitate this transition, the government has introduced a series of regulations, including Law No. 27/2003, government regulation No. 59/2007, and other ministerial regulations. These regulations are designed to provide a solid legal framework for geothermal development, ensuring projects are conducted sustainably and responsibly. Presently, multiple geothermal energy projects are underway across different regions of Indonesia, spanning Sumatra, Java, East Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi, further underscore the country's dedication to embracing renewable energy solutions. Despite its promising resources, certain risks must be carefully considered during its development and utilization. These risks include resource assessment, financing challenges, potential policy changes, and the complexities of addressing social and environmental concerns. Furthermore, education plays a crucial role in the development of geothermal energy in Indonesia, involving various levels of education, from senior high school, vocational high school, and universities to relevant government research institutions. Therefore, this study aims to explore various aspects of geothermal energy in Indonesia, covering history, energy conversion, potential, location, ongoing projects, legal basis, policies, risks, phase, and the role of education.