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Die deutsch-deutsche Währungsunion: ein kritischer Rückblick

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  • Karl Brenke

Abstract

Twenty-five years ago, East Germany adopted the deutschmark as its currency. In terms of East German economic development, monetary union proved to be a disaster. With virtually no warning, East Germany’s few productive factories and businesses were exposed to free market competition; industrial production collapsed in a way unparalleled in history. Nevertheless, for political reasons, introducing monetary union at the start of the process of system transformation was almost unavoidable. Given the insecure foreign policy situation, the aim was to seize the chance of reunification and push through monetary union to create an irreversible fait accompli. Moreover, this move was intended to put a brake on the massive exodus of people from East Germany. Admittedly, it also buttressed the widespread illusion among the East German population that a strong currency would facilitate fast-track income parity on West German levels. This illusion, however, also encouraged excessive wage hikes which only served to intensify the shock of alignment in summer 1990, complicate economic renewal in eastern Germany, and increase the financial costs. Vor 25 Jahren wurde in der DDR die D‑Mark eingeführt. Die Währungsunion erwies sich mit Blick auf die Wirtschaftsentwicklung als ein Desaster. Kurzfristig wurden die wenig produktiven Betriebe der DDR dem freien Handel ausgesetzt; die Industrieproduktion brach in einem Maße zusammen, das historisch ohne Beispiel ist. Aus politischen Gründen war es indes wohl unvermeidlich, die Währungsunion an den Beginn der Systemtransformation zu setzen. Denn es galt, angesichts einer unsicheren außenpolitischen Lage, die Chance der Wiedervereinigung zu nutzen und mit einer gemeinsamen Währung irreversible Fakten zu schaffen. Überdies sollte der massiven Abwanderung aus der DDR entgegnet werden. Allerdings wurde die in der DDR-Bevölkerung verbreitete Illusion gestützt, dass mit einer starken Währung eine rasche Angleichung der Einkommen an das Niveau in der Bundesrepublik möglich wäre. Das hat zu übermäßigen Lohnanhebungen ermuntert, die den Anpassungsschock im Sommer 1990 noch vergrößert und die die wirtschaftliche Erneuerung im Osten erschwert und verteuert haben.

Suggested Citation

  • Karl Brenke, 2015. "Die deutsch-deutsche Währungsunion: ein kritischer Rückblick," DIW Wochenbericht, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 82(27), pages 629-638.
  • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwwob:82-27-3
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    german-german currency union;

    JEL classification:

    • E60 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - General
    • E65 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
    • F22 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - International Migration

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