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Ostdeutschland: ein langer Weg des wirtschaftlichen Aufholens

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  • Karl Brenke

Abstract

The economic backlog of eastern Germany compared to western Germany is still sizeable, even 25 years after the fall of the Wall. In terms of GDP per inhabitant and productivity, eastern Germany has attained only 71 percent and threequarters of western German levels, respectively. The catch-up process is advancing very slowly indeed. The main reason for low productivity is the lack of highly skilled jobs. In addition, the structure of the eastern German economy is comparatively fragmented. Disposable income per inhabitant in eastern Germany is about 83 percent of the western German figure. This relationship has not changed substantially since the end of the 1990s. Unemployment is still relatively high in eastern Germany but, in recent years, has fallen more markedly than in western Germany. However, this is partly due to shrinking numbers of potential employees; in particular, the number of young people is falling significantly. Expectations after the fall of the Wall that the east would quickly catch up with the west in terms of economic power and living standards have not come to fruition. This conjecture was certainly exaggerated and assumed that a traditionally thinly populated region in flux could catch up with one of the best-performing economies in the world. Nevertheless, significant progress toward convergence has been made. In particular, eastern Germany had undergone successful re-industrialization. One major challenge is demographic change. The number of young employees in eastern Germany has fallen more significantly than in western Germany. In order to keep or attract skilled workers, more appealing jobs with good remuneration must be made available in eastern Germany. However, higher wages must accompany greater productivity and, in turn, this requires more intensive innovation activity. Der wirtschaftliche Rückstand Ostdeutschlands gegenüber Westdeutschland ist 25 Jahre nach dem Fall der Mauer immer noch groß. Beim Bruttoinlandsprodukt je Einwohner werden 71 Prozent und bei der Produktivität etwa drei Viertel des westdeutschen Niveaus erreicht. Der Aufholprozess kommt nur noch sehr langsam voran. Der entscheidende Grund für die geringe Produktivität ist der Mangel an hochqualifizierten Tätigkeiten. Zudem ist die ostdeutsche Wirtschaft vergleichsweise kleinteilig strukturiert. Das verfügbare Einkommen je Einwohner liegt in Ostdeutschland bei 83 Prozent des westdeutschen Wertes. An dieser Relation hat sich seit Ende der 90er Jahre nichts Wesentliches geändert. Die Arbeitslosigkeit ist in Ostdeutschland noch relativ hoch, in den vergangenen Jahren ist sie aber stärker als in Westdeutschland zurückgegangen. Dies ist allerdings zum Teil Folge des schrumpfenden Erwerbspersonenpotentials; besonders deutlich geht die Zahl der Jugendlichen zurück. Die Erwartung zur Zeit der Wende, dass der Osten bei Wirtschaftskraft und Lebensstandard rasch zum Westen aufschließen wird, hat sich nicht erfüllt. Sie war auch übertrieben, denn man ging davon aus, dass eine traditionell dünn besiedelte Transformationsregion in relativ kurzer Zeit eine der leistungsfähigsten Ökonomien der Welt einholen könnte. Gleichwohl gibt es große Anpassungsfortschritte. Insbesondere ist in Ostdeutschland eine Re-Industrialisierung gelungen. Eine große Herausforderung stellt der demografische Wandel dar. Die Zahl junger Erwerbspersonen geht in Ostdeutschland deutlich stärker zurück als in Westdeutschland. Um Fachkräfte zu halten oder anzuziehen, muss in Ostdeutschland das Angebot attraktiver Arbeitsplätze mit guter Entlohnung gesteigert werden. Höhere Löhne müssen allerdings mit höherer Produktivität einhergehen und diese wiederum erfordert eine verstärkte Innovationstätigkeit.

Suggested Citation

  • Karl Brenke, 2014. "Ostdeutschland: ein langer Weg des wirtschaftlichen Aufholens," DIW Wochenbericht, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 81(40), pages 939-957.
  • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwwob:81-40-2
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Alexander Eck & Carolin Fritzsche & Jan Kluge & Joachim Ragnitz & Felix Rösel, 2015. "Fiscal Capacity and Determining Structural Characteristics of the Eastern German Laender," ifo Dresden Studien, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 76, July.
    2. Blien Uwe & Möller Joachim & Hong Van Phan thi & Brunow Stephan, 2016. "Long-Lasting Labour Market Consequences of German Unification," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 236(2), pages 181-216, March.
    3. Joachim Ragnitz & Gerhard Untiedt & Michael Weber, 2017. "Options for Further Developing EU Regional Subsidy Area Indicators Beyond 2020," ifo Dresden Studien, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 79, July.
    4. Gerhard Bosch & Thorsten Kalina & Claudia Weinkopf, 2014. "25 Jahre nach dem Mauerfall: Ostlöhne holen nur schleppend auf," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 711, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Economic developement; productivity; East Germany;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • R12 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade (economic geography)
    • O14 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
    • O18 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure

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