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Die Schulden und die ökonomische Logik

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  • Heiner Flassbeck

Abstract

No subject in the world creates more confusion than ‘debt.’ Nowhere there is a greater need for information because no subject is more important for economic policy – and especially for European economic policy. Many people speak about indebtedness without making clear whose debts they mean, to who debtors are indebted and which assets they refer to. At the end, it often sounds as if the whole world is somehow over-indebted. The problem is that analysis is often based on gross debt, i. e. one adds up all debts of people and all sectors. This is from the outset a problematic approach. The reason is that because you set off all net debts and liabilities of all sectors in the world against one another, there is no debt (i. e. financial assets and financial liabilities net to zero). This cannot be otherwise on logical grounds. The world as a whole never has debt. For every liability, there is an identical claim and vice versa. The task of economists is to shed light on the development of net debt of the different sectors of the economy and to explain the channels through which the demand gap created by net savings is closed by indebtedness of other sectors. The paradox of neoliberalism lies in the fact that more and more government debt is needed to do this. Kein Thema stiftet mehr Verwirrung auf der Welt als das der „Schulden“. Bei keinem Thema gibt es größeren Aufklärungsbedarf, weil kein Thema für die Wirtschaftspolitik und insbesondere für die europäische Wirtschaftspolitik von größerer Bedeutung ist. Überall ist von Überschuldung die Rede, ohne dass gesagt wird, wessen Schulden gemeint sind und wer bei wem verschuldet ist, also um wessen Vermögen es gleichzeitig eigentlich geht. Am Ende klingt es meist so, als ob die ganze Welt in irgendeiner Form überschuldet sei. Und in der Tat glauben das viele. Das Problem ist, dass man sich häufig an einer Bruttoverschuldung orientiert, also alle Schulden, die einzelne Personen oder Sektoren haben, zusammenzählt. Das ist aber von vorneherein ein problematisches Vorgehen. Denn netto, wenn man alle Forderungen und alle Verbindlichkeiten aller Sektoren in der ganzen Welt gegeneinander aufrechnet, gibt es keine Schulden. Es kann sie aus logischen Gründen nicht geben. Die Welt insgesamt hat niemals Schulden. Immer steht einer Verbindlichkeit eine gleich hohe Forderung gegenüber und umgekehrt. Die Aufgabe der Ökonomen ist es, die Nettosalden zu untersuchen und zu erklären, auf welchen Wegen es zu einer Nettoverschuldung kommt, die den Nachfrageentzug durch die Nettoersparnis ausgleichen kann. Das Paradox des Neoliberalismus ist es, dass mehr und mehr der Staat in die Rolle gerät, das zu übernehmen.

Suggested Citation

  • Heiner Flassbeck, 2019. "Die Schulden und die ökonomische Logik," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 88(4), pages 9-22.
  • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwvjh:88-4-2
    DOI: 10.3790/vjh.88.4.9
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Debt; sectors; saving; investing;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E01 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General - - - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts
    • E21 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
    • E22 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity
    • E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory
    • F34 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - International Lending and Debt Problems
    • G10 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - General (includes Measurement and Data)
    • H63 - Public Economics - - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt - - - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt

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