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The Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global: Risk Based Versus Ethical Investments

Author

Listed:
  • Heidi Rapp Nilsen
  • Beate Sjåfjell
  • Benjamin J. Richardson

Abstract

Access to finance is crucial if we are to achieve the fundamental transition of our time: securing a safe and just society operating within the planetary boundaries. In the era of global market capitalism and deregulation, Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) offer one of the few public economic institutions capable of injecting ecological and social values into global markets. This article undertakes a case study of one of the world’s largest SWF, the Norwegian Government Pension Global (The Fund). The Fund is well-known for its Ethical Guidelines recommending exclusion of companies based on products and conduct as well as the Fund’s public statements when withdrawing from companies. Still, the ethical basis of overlapping consensus leads to responding to public opinion and media controversy when considering divestment, rather than undertaking due diligence beforehand. In addition, and not well known, more firms have been excluded from the Fund based on the financial risk against the portfolio than based on the Ethical Guidelines. In this article we discuss the basis of both the Ethical Guidelines and of the financial risk management of the portfolio. Still, the majority of the Fund’s investments are on an unsustainable path of ‘business as usual’. A principal thesis of this article is the paradox that the more unsustainable ‘business as usual’ becomes, the importance of financial risk assessment increases and the relevance of the Ethical Guidelines decreases. Der Zugang zu Finanzmitteln ist entscheidend, wenn wir den grundlegenden Wandel unserer Zeit erreichen wollen: die Sicherung einer sicheren und gerechten Gesellschaft, die innerhalb der Kapazitäten unseres Planeten funktioniert. Im Zeitalter des globalen Marktkapitalismus und der Deregulierung bieten Staatsfonds (Sovereign Wealth Funds, SWFs) eine der wenigen öffentlichen ökonomischen Institutionen, die in der Lage sind, ökologische und soziale Werte in die globalen Märkte zu bringen. Dieser Artikel enthält eine Fallstudie über einen der weltweit größten Staatsfonds, den staatlichen norwegischen Pensionsfonds (The Government Pension Fund Global). Der Fonds ist bekannt für seine Ethikrichtlinien, die den Ausschluss von Unternehmen aufgrund von Produkten und Verhaltensweisen empfehlen, sowie für die öffentlichen Erklärungen des Fonds beim Rückzug aus Unternehmen. Die ethische Basis eines übergreifenden Konsenus führt dazu, dass die öffentliche Meinung und Mediendebatten bei der Prüfung von Veräußerungen berücksichtigt werden, anstatt vorher eine sorgfältige Prüfung vorzunehmen. Weitgehend unbekannt ist, dass darüber hinaus mehr Unternehmen aufgrund des finanziellen Risikos des Portfolios als aufgrund der Ethikrichtlinien aus dem Fonds ausgeschlossen wurden. In diesem Artikel behandeln wir die Grundlagen sowohl der Ethikrichtlinien als auch des finanziellen Risikomanagements des Portfolios. Dennoch befindet sich der Großteil der Investitionen des Fonds auf einem nicht nachhaltigen Weg des „business as usual“. Eine Hauptthese dieses Artikels ist das Paradoxon, dass je unhaltbarer das „business as usual“ wird, desto mehr nimmt die Bedeutung der finanziellen Risikobewertung zu und die Relevanz der Ethikrichtlinien ab.

Suggested Citation

  • Heidi Rapp Nilsen & Beate Sjåfjell & Benjamin J. Richardson, 2019. "The Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global: Risk Based Versus Ethical Investments," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 88(1), pages 65-78.
  • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwvjh:88-1-5
    DOI: 10.3790/vjh.88.1.65
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    Keywords

    Sustainability; Socially responsible investments; SWF; ethics; positive screening;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F64 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - Environment
    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors
    • Q01 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - General - - - Sustainable Development

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