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Women, Children, and Industrialization in the Early Republic: Evidence from the Manufacturing Censuses

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Author Info
Goldin, Claudia
Sokoloff, Kenneth
Abstract

Manufacturing firm data for 1820 to 1850 are employed to investigate the role of women and children in the industrialization of the American Northeast. The principal findings include: (1) Women and children composed a major share of the entire manufacturing labor force; (2) their employment was closely associated with production processes used by large establishments, both mechanized and non-mechanized; (3) the wage of females (and boys) increased relative to that of men with industrial development; and (4) female labor force participation in industrial counties was substantial. These findings bear on the nature of technical change during early industrialization and why American industrial development was initially concentrated in the Northeast.

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Publisher Info
Article provided by Cambridge University Press in its journal The Journal of Economic History.

Volume (Year): 42 (1982)
Issue (Month): 04 (December)
Pages: 741-774
Download reference. The following formats are available: HTML (with abstract), plain text (with abstract), BibTeX, RIS (EndNote, RefMan, ProCite), ReDIF
Handle: RePEc:cup:jechis:v:42:y:1982:i:04:p:741-774_02

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  1. Jeremy Atack & Fred Bateman & Robert A. Margo, 2000. "Rising Wage Dispersion Across American Manufacturing Establishments, 1850-1880," NBER Working Papers 7932, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  2. Gillian Hamilton, 1999. "The Decline of Apprenticeship in North America: Evidence from Montreal," Working Papers hamiltng-99-01, University of Toronto, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  3. Claudia D. Goldin & Robert A. Margo, 1987. "The Poor at Birth: Infant Auxology and Mortality at Philadelphia's Almshouse Hospital, 1848-1873," NBER Working Papers 2525, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Jeremy Atack & Michael R. Haines & Robert A. Margo, 2008. "Railroads and the Rise of the Factory: Evidence for the United States, 1850-70," NBER Working Papers 14410, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Kris Inwood & Ian Keay, 2006. "Assessing Economic Performance among North American Manufacturing Establishments, 1870/71: Data, Methodology and Measurement Issues," Working Papers 1030, Queen's University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  6. Kenneth L. Sokoloff, 1984. "Was the Transition from the Artisanal Shop to the Non-Mechanized Fctry Assoc. w/Gains in Effcny?: Evdnc. from the U.S. Mnfctr. Censuses of 1820 & 1850," NBER Working Papers 1386, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Robert A. Margo, 1998. "Labor Market Integration Before the Civil War," NBER Historical Working Papers 0109, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  8. John A. James & Jonathan S. Skinner, 1984. "The Resolution of the Labor Scarcity Paradox," NBER Working Papers 1504, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  9. Yoshiaki Sugimoto & Masao Nakagawa, 2007. "From Duty to Right: The Role of Public Education in the Transition to Aging Societies," ISER Discussion Paper 0700, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University. [Downloadable!]
  10. Jeremy Atack & Fred Bateman & Robert A. Margo, 2003. "Capital Deepening in American Manufacturing, 1850-1880," NBER Working Papers 9923, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Farley Grubb, 2001. "The Market Evaluation of Criminality: Evidence from the Auction of British Convict Labor in America, 1767-1775," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 91(1), pages 295-304, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  12. Kenneth L. Sokoloff & Viken Tchakerian, 1997. "Manufacturing Where Agriculture Predominates: Evidence from the South and Midwest in 1860," NBER Historical Working Papers 0100, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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