Medicine Reading Literature: the Paradigm of Degeneration

This article is part of a larger project on the interaction between Natural/Life Sciences and Literature, and is a first attempt to scout the area through concentrating on Degeneration, a book that sees Literature through the eyes of Medicine. Max Nordau, the author of the book, was a turn-of-the-twentieth-century German physician who read contemporary movements in Art and Literature as Disease. He was an adversary of pre-modernist and modernist movements such as aestheticism, decadence, impressionism, and so on, and failed to recognize their avant-garde character. The article examines how Nordau reads certain features of literary texts and works of art which he cannot understand as symptoms of the malfunctioning of the nervous system of the painters and writers concerned. Moving from the body of the text to the body of the artist, Nordau reads particular artistic features as signs of bodily disease of the artists, and he does so by opposing the rationalist discourse of Medicine to the figurative language of Literature.