Inventing Information Systems: The Systems Men and the Computer, 1950–1968

During the 1960s, many academics, consultants, computer vendors, and journalists promoted the “totally integrated management information system†(MIS) as the destiny of corporate computing and of management itself. This concept evolved out of the frustrated hopes of 1950s corporate “systems men†(represented by the Systems and Procedures Association) to establish themselves as powerful “generalist†staff experts in administrative techniques. By redefining the computer as a managerial “information system,†rather than a simple technical extension of punch-card “data processing,†the systems men sought to establish jurisdiction over corporate computing and to replace accountants as the primary agents of managerial control. The apparently unlimited power of the computer supported a new conception of information, defined as the exclusive domain of the systems men (assisted by operations research specialists and computer technicians). While MIS proved impossible to construct during the 1960s, both its dream of all-encompassing automated information systems and the resulting association of information with the computer endured into the twenty-first century.