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Instituciones o cultura: ¿de qué materia prima está hecha la legitimidad de las nuevas democracias?

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  • Dos Santos André Marenco

Abstract

En los últimos anos, se han retomado perspectivas teóricas que sostienen que la cultura, los valores y las creencias compartidas por los ciudadanos son condiciones para el desarrollo y la democracia (Putnam, 1996; Inglehart, 2002). Contrario a estos abordajes analíticos, la finalidad de este trabajo es demostrar que los valores cívicos o el capital social no constituyen prerrequisitos para fundar instituciones democráticas en el plan nacional. Para verificar esta hipótesis, el presente trabajo intenta comparar 47 naciones, con distintos modelos institucionales y valores culturales. La información referente a los valores culturales se aisló con base en el índice de capital social, producido a partir del World Values Study. El índice empleado para formalizar y medir diversos grados de democratización alcanzados en diferentes sociedades nacionales, fue el generado por Freedom House, producido a partir de una combinación de valores referentes a derechos políticos, libertades civiles, características del régimen político, expectativa de vida y renta per cápita. Las correlaciones observadas entre indicadores de capital social y democracia fueron modestas. El examen comparativo muestra países que presentan una configuración democrática, al lado de bajos índices de capital social, sobre todo entre las nuevas democracias, desviándose, por tanto, de las prediciones del enfoque de capital social. La principal conclusión es que valores cívicos o altos niveles de capital social no son condiciones para fundar instituciones democráticas. Los datos sugieren, alternativamente, que hay una relación entre mayor dispersión de poder compartido o power-sharing (Lijphart, 1996) y formación de instituciones poliárquicas, y sostienen una recomendación de que cuando los niveles de desarrollo y valores cívicos son bajos, dividir el poder es la mejor condición para la constitución de democracias.

Suggested Citation

  • Dos Santos André Marenco, 2006. "Instituciones o cultura: ¿de qué materia prima está hecha la legitimidad de las nuevas democracias?," Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad, Universidad de los Andes,Facultad de Economía, CEDE, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:col:000090:002882
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lijphart, Arend, 1996. "The Puzzle of Indian Democracy: A Consociational Interpretation," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 90(2), pages 258-268, June.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    valores cívicos; poliarquía; instituciones políticas; democratización; poder compartido;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H19 - Public Economics - - Structure and Scope of Government - - - Other
    • Z13 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics - - - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Language; Social and Economic Stratification

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