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160 Years of Borders Evolution in Dunkirk: Petroleum, Permeability, and Porosity

Author

Listed:
  • Stephan Hauser

    (Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)

  • Penglin Zhu

    (Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)

  • Asma Mehan

    (Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, The Netherlands)

Abstract

Since the 1860s, petroleum companies, through their influence on local governments, port authorities, international actors and the general public gradually became more dominant in shaping the urban form of ports and cities. Under their development and pressure, the relationships between industrial and urban areas in port cities hosting oil facilities evolved in time. The borders limiting industrial and housing territories have continuously changed with industrial places moving progressively away from urban areas. Such a changing dynamic influenced the permeability of these borders. Port cities are nodes and logistic points where various flows of commodities, wealth, and knowledge gathered before further re‐distribution. These flows affected port cities by changing their spatial organization and the availabiity of space between borders. The main question here is: How did industrial and urban borders evolve through time in port cities? Through a historical analysis, the article explores the settlements of oil facilities and the influence of oil companies over local, regional, and national governments in creating borders and how it influenced the porosity of port cities. This article, through the petroleum narrative, illustrates the impacts of past borders on the contemporary urban form through the evolution of the French port city of Dunkirk, in the North of France. As a historical study, the article analyzes the changing relationships between petroleum industrial sites and housing areas in the city of Dunkirk, using aerial pictures, archival sources, and regulations of different periods. The importance of this analysis lies in knowing that former oil sites previously located on the periphery of Dunkirk, that were forgotten by the authorities are now located within the current urban tissue. This process demonstrates the importance of historical developments to understand current challenges in the urban planning of industrial port cities.

Suggested Citation

  • Stephan Hauser & Penglin Zhu & Asma Mehan, 2021. "160 Years of Borders Evolution in Dunkirk: Petroleum, Permeability, and Porosity," Urban Planning, Cogitatio Press, vol. 6(3), pages 58-68.
    • Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v:6:y:2021:i:3:p:58-68
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jovchelovitch, Sandra & Dedios Sanguineti, Maria Cecilia & Nogueira-Teixeira, Mara Cristina & Priego-Hernandez, Jacqueline, 2020. "Imagination and mobility in the city: porosity of borders and human development in divided urban environments," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 101463, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    2. Peter V. Hall & Wouter Jacobs, 2012. "Why are maritime ports (still) urban, and why should policy-makers care?," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 39(2), pages 189-206, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Asma Mehan & Zachary S. Casey, 2023. "Blue Infrastructures: An Exploration of Oceanic Networks and Urban–Industrial–Energy Interactions in the Gulf of Mexico," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-14, September.
    2. Carola Hein, 2021. "Port City Porosity: Boundaries, Flows, and Territories," Urban Planning, Cogitatio Press, vol. 6(3), pages 1-9.
    3. Stephan J. Hauser & Penglin Zhu, 2022. "The Shaping of Daqing: Borderless Interactions between Oil and Urban Areas," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-17, July.

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