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Lord’s Paradox Revisited – (Oh Lord! Kumbaya!)

Author

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  • Pearl Judea

    (Computer Science Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1596, USA)

Abstract

Among the many peculiarities that were dubbed “paradoxes” by well meaning statisticians, the one reported by Frederic M. Lord in 1967 has earned a special status. Although it can be viewed, formally, as a version of Simpson’s paradox, its reputation has gone much worse. Unlike Simpson’s reversal, Lord’s is easier to state, harder to disentangle and, for some reason, it has been lingering for almost four decades, under several interpretations and re-interpretations, and it keeps coming up in new situations and under new lights. Most peculiar yet, while some of its variants have received a satisfactory resolution, the original version presented by Lord, to the best of my knowledge, has not been given a proper treatment, not to mention a resolution.

Suggested Citation

  • Pearl Judea, 2016. "Lord’s Paradox Revisited – (Oh Lord! Kumbaya!)," Journal of Causal Inference, De Gruyter, vol. 4(2), pages 1-13, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:bpj:causin:v:4:y:2016:i:2:p:13:n:5
    DOI: 10.1515/jci-2016-0021
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