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Two Major Economic Crises in the Early Twenty-First Century and their Impact on Central Bank Independence

Author

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  • Dabrowski Marek

    (Non-Resident Fellow, Bruegel, Brussels, Belgium)

Abstract

Two major economic crises in the early twenty-first century have had a serious impact on monetary policy and CB independence. Disruption in financial intermediation and associated deflationary pressures caused by the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 and European financial crisis of 2010–2015 pushed central banks (CBs) in major currency areas towards adoption of unconventional monetary policy measures, including large-scale purchase of government bonds (quantitative easing). The same approach has been taken by CBs in response to the COVID-19 crisis in 2020 even if the characteristics of this crisis differ from the previous one. As a result of both crises, CBs have become major holders of government bonds and de facto – main creditors of governments. Against rapidly deteriorating fiscal balances, CBs have become hostages of fiscal policies, which compromises their independence. Risks to the CB independence also come from their additional mandates (beyond price stability) and populist political pressures.

Suggested Citation

  • Dabrowski Marek, 2023. "Two Major Economic Crises in the Early Twenty-First Century and their Impact on Central Bank Independence," Accounting, Economics, and Law: A Convivium, De Gruyter, vol. 13(2), pages 169-215, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:bpj:aelcon:v:13:y:2023:i:2:p:169-215:n:6
    DOI: 10.1515/ael-2020-0139
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    central bank independence; unconventional monetary policy; asset purchasing program; quantitative easing; deflationary pressure; inflation; demand for money; money multiplier;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E31 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
    • E41 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Demand for Money
    • E51 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
    • E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies
    • H63 - Public Economics - - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt - - - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt

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