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Social Demography and Eugenics in the Interwar United States

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  • Edmund Ramsden

Abstract

This article explores the relationship between eugenics and demography in the United States in the interwar era. In focusing on the founding of the International Union for the Scientific Investigation of Population Problems and the Population Association of America, it shows how early population scientists contested and negotiated the boundaries of the population field. The article maps the shifting focus away from biological interpretations of population dynamics toward the social, in part as a reaction to the rise of Fascist population research and policy. However, it also shows how social demography was closely intertwined with a “social eugenics” that attempted to ensure human betterment through methods more consistent with New Deal policymaking. This, the article argues, contributed critical intellectual and material resources to the development of social surveys of fertility behavior and contraceptive use, surveys that are more commonly perceived as having undermined eugenics through challenging the biologically deterministic assumptions upon which it was based. Le présent article examine la relation entre l'eugénisme et la démographie aux États‐Unis dans l'entre‐guerre. La fondation de l'Union Internationale pour l'étude scientifique des problèmes de population et Population Association of America s'est intéressée au fait que très tôt les scientifiques de la population ont contesté et négocié les limites du domaine de la population. L'article décrit le phénomène en évolution comme s'éloignant des interprétations biologiques de la dynamique des populations vers des interprétations sociales, en partie en réaction à la montée de la recherche et la politique fascistes en matière de population. Toutefois, il décrit également en quol la démographie sociale était étroitement liée à un ≪eugénisme social≫ qui a tenté d'assurer le progrès de la condition humaine par des méthodes plus conséquentes avec la formulation de polltiques du New Deal. C'est, au dire de l'article, ce qui a contribué aux ressources matérielles et intellectuelles critiques des enquêtes sociales sur le comportement procréateur et l'utilisation de contraceptifs, enquêtes qui sont plus communément perçues comme ayant miné l'eugénisme en récusant les hypotheses biologiquement deterministes sur lesquelles il se fondait. Este artículo explora la relación entre el eugenismo y la demografía en los Estados Unidos en el período entre la Primera y Segunda Guerra Mundial. Enfocándose en la creación la Unión Internacional para la Investigación Cientifica de la Población y la Population Association of America, explora cómo los primeros científicos de la población disputaron y negociaron las fronteras del campo de la población. El artículo traza el gradual abandono de interpretaciones boilógicas de las dinámicas de población en favor de interpretaciones sociales, un cambio provocado en parte por la reacción al auge de tendencias fascistas en la política e investigateón sobre población. No obstante, el artículo también muestra que la demografía social estaba estrechamente ligada a un ≪eugenismo social≫ que buscaba asegurar el mejoramiento humano a través de métodos más compatibles con las políticas progresistas del New Deal. El artículo propone que este hecho condujo a que se destinaran importantes recursos intelectuales y materiales a la elaboración de encuestas sociales del comportamiento reproductive y del uso de anticonceptivos. Hoy comunmente se supone que dichas encuestas le restaron credibilidad al eugenismo al socavar los fundamentos boilógicamente deterministas en los que se apoyaba.

Suggested Citation

  • Edmund Ramsden, 2003. "Social Demography and Eugenics in the Interwar United States," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 29(4), pages 547-593, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:popdev:v:29:y:2003:i:4:p:547-593
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2003.00547.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Tony Fahey, 2017. "The Sibsize Revolution and Social Disparities in Children’s Family Contexts in the United States, 1940–2012," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 54(3), pages 813-834, June.

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