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An International Trade Flow Model with Substitution: An Extension of the Gravity Model

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  • JACOB A. BIKKER

Abstract

The traditional gravity model has often been applied to international trade flows, especially to analyze trade creation and trade diversion. However, there are two fundamental objections to the model: it cannot describe substitutions between flows, and it lacks a cogent theoretical foundation. A newly developed model, the Extended Gravity Model (EGM), overcomes these objections. An empirical test strongly rejects the gravity model in favour of the EGM. The empirical analysis also proves that the gravity model widely overestimates the influence of the determinants of international trade. The EGM encompasses several models originating in regional economics, and can be applied usefully to a variety of subjects. Das traditionelle Gravitätsmodell ist oft zur Erklärung von internationalen Handelsströmen verwendet worden, obwohl es zwei fundamentale Einwände gegen dieses Modell gibt: Es kann Substitutionen zwischen Strömen nicht beschreiben, und es entbehrt einer überzeugenden theoretischen Grundlage. Ein neulich entwickeltes Modell, das «Extended Gravity Model» (EGM), beseitigt diese Einwände. Ein empirischer Test verwirft überzeugend das Gravitätsmodell zugunsten des EGM. Weiter zeigt die empirische Analyse, dass das Gravitätsmodell den Einfluss der Determinanten des internationalen Handels stark überschätzt. Das EGM umfasst verschiedene Modelle, die aus der Theorie der Regionalökonomie hervorgehen, und kann mit Erfolg für eine Vielfalt von Themen verwendet werden. Le modèle de gravitè traditionnel a été appliqué souvent à des flux commerciaux internationaux, spécialement pour analyser la création et la diversion du commerce. Cependant, il y a deux objections fondamentales au modèle: il ne peut pas décrire des substitutions entre des flux, et il lui manque une fondation théorique convaincante. Un modèle développt récemment, l'«Extended Gravity Model» (EGM) écarte ces objections. Un test empirique repousse fortement le modèle de gravitk en faveur de I'EGM. L'analyse empirique prouve aussi que le modèle de gravité exagére largement I'influence des déterminants du commerce international. L'EGM contient plusieurs modèles qui proviennent de l'économie régionale, et il peut être appliqué avecsuccés à une variété de sujets.

Suggested Citation

  • Jacob A. Bikker, 1987. "An International Trade Flow Model with Substitution: An Extension of the Gravity Model," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(3), pages 315-337, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:40:y:1987:i:3:p:315-337
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00683.x
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