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On Expectations Formation when Future Welfare is Contemplated

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  • MARTIN RAVALLION

Abstract

People often seem to gain present satisfaction from contemplating a favourable future. This paper examines the implications of such behaviour for expectations formation. Formally, satisfaction is said to be derived from ‘contemplation’ whenever ex post utility depends on expectations independently of their bearing on ex ante actions. Contemplation is shown to be necessary and sufficient for informationally biased forecasting in a model of the intertemporal consumption decision. Thus the MUTH‐rationality of expectations requires restrictions on the (derived) preference ordering over expectations and realizations which preclude contemplation. Bias tests of surveyed expectations are given a choice‐theoretic interpretation. Oftmals ist die momentane Zufriedenheit einer Person abhängig von ihren Zukunftsreflexionen. Im Artikel werden die Auswirkungen eines solchen Verhaltens auf die Erwartungsbildung untersucht. Formal wird die momentane Zufriedenheit aus Zukunftsreflexionen abgeleitet, falls der ex‐post‐Nutzen von Erwartungen abhängt, unabhängig davon, wie sich diese auf ex‐ante‐Handlungen auswirken. Es wird gezeigt, dass Zukunftsreflexionen eine notwendige und hinreichende Voraussetzung für informationell verzerrte Voraussagen in einem intertemporalen Verbrauchsentscheidungsmodell darstellen. Aus diesem Grund erfordert die MUTH‐Rationalität der Erwartungen Restriktionen hinsichtlich der (abgeleiteten) Präferenzordnung der Erwartungen, welche Zukunftsreflexionen ausschliessen. Les gens semblent souvent retirer une réelle satisfaction de la seule contemplation d'un avenir favorable. Cet article examine les implications d'un tel comportement dans le cadre de la formation des attentes. On peut dire que la satisfaction découle de la «contemplation» lorsque l'utilité ex post dépend des attentes indépendamment du poids de celles‐ci sur les actions ex ante. On montre que la contemplation est nécessaire et suffisante pour biaiser la prévision par l'information dans un modèle de décision de consommation inter‐temporel. C'est pourquoi la rationalisation des attentes exige des restrictions dans le classement des préférences entre attentes et réalisations, ce qui supprime la contemplation. L'auteur donne enfin aux tests d'attentes une interprétation liée à la théorie des choix.

Suggested Citation

  • Martin Ravallion, 1986. "On Expectations Formation when Future Welfare is Contemplated," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(4), pages 564-573, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:39:y:1986:i:4:p:564-573
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1986.tb00678.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Michael Lechner & Friedhelm Pfeiffer & Gert Wagner, 1991. "Die Arbeitsmarkterwartung in der DDR kurz vor der Währungsunion," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 22, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.

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