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Penalized spline models for functional principal component analysis

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  • Fang Yao
  • Thomas C. M. Lee

Abstract

Summary. We propose an iterative estimation procedure for performing functional principal component analysis. The procedure aims at functional or longitudinal data where the repeated measurements from the same subject are correlated. An increasingly popular smoothing approach, penalized spline regression, is used to represent the mean function. This allows straightforward incorporation of covariates and simple implementation of approximate inference procedures for coefficients. For the handling of the within‐subject correlation, we develop an iterative procedure which reduces the dependence between the repeated measurements that are made for the same subject. The resulting data after iteration are theoretically shown to be asymptotically equivalent (in probability) to a set of independent data. This suggests that the general theory of penalized spline regression that has been developed for independent data can also be applied to functional data. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure is demonstrated via a simulation study and an application to yeast cell cycle gene expression data.

Suggested Citation

  • Fang Yao & Thomas C. M. Lee, 2006. "Penalized spline models for functional principal component analysis," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 68(1), pages 3-25, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:jorssb:v:68:y:2006:i:1:p:3-25
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9868.2005.00530.x
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    1. repec:wyi:journl:002174 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Fang Yao & Yichao Wu & Jialin Zou, 2016. "Probability-enhanced effective dimension reduction for classifying sparse functional data," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 25(1), pages 1-22, March.
    3. van der Linde, Angelika, 2008. "Variational Bayesian functional PCA," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 53(2), pages 517-533, December.
    4. Lakraj, Gamage Pemantha & Ruymgaart, Frits, 2017. "Some asymptotic theory for Silverman’s smoothed functional principal components in an abstract Hilbert space," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 122-132.
    5. Bali, Juan Lucas & Boente, Graciela, 2014. "Consistency of a numerical approximation to the first principal component projection pursuit estimator," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 181-191.
    6. Hans-Georg Müller & Wenjing Yang, 2010. "Dynamic relations for sparsely sampled Gaussian processes," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 19(1), pages 1-29, May.
    7. Peter Hall & You‐Jun Yang, 2010. "Ordering and selecting components in multivariate or functional data linear prediction," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 72(1), pages 93-110, January.
    8. Emma O'Connor & Nick Fieller & Andrew Holmes & John C. Waterton & Edward Ainscow, 2010. "Functional principal component analyses of biomedical images as outcome measures," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 59(1), pages 57-76, January.
    9. Fang Yao & Yichao Wu & Jialin Zou, 2016. "Probability-enhanced effective dimension reduction for classifying sparse functional data," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 25(1), pages 1-22, March.
    10. Shiers, Nathaniel & Aston, John A.D. & Smith, Jim Q. & Coleman, John S., 2017. "Gaussian tree constraints applied to acoustic linguistic functional data," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 199-215.
    11. Robert T. Krafty & Phyllis A. Gimotty & David Holtz & George Coukos & Wensheng Guo, 2008. "Varying Coefficient Model with Unknown Within-Subject Covariance for Analysis of Tumor Growth Curves," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 64(4), pages 1023-1031, December.
    12. Kehui Chen & Pedro Delicado & Hans-Georg Müller, 2017. "Modelling function-valued stochastic processes, with applications to fertility dynamics," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 79(1), pages 177-196, January.
    13. Huaihou Chen & Yuanjia Wang, 2011. "A Penalized Spline Approach to Functional Mixed Effects Model Analysis," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 67(3), pages 861-870, September.
    14. Yuan Gao & Han Lin Shang, 2017. "Multivariate Functional Time Series Forecasting: Application to Age-Specific Mortality Rates," Risks, MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-18, March.
    15. Kehui Chen & Hans-Georg Müller, 2012. "Modeling Repeated Functional Observations," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 107(500), pages 1599-1609, December.
    16. Lian, Heng & Meng, Jie & Fan, Zengyan, 2015. "Simultaneous estimation of linear conditional quantiles with penalized splines," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1-21.
    17. Ma, Haiqiang & Zhu, Zhongyi, 2016. "Continuously dynamic additive models for functional data," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 1-13.
    18. Li, Yehua & Qiu, Yumou & Xu, Yuhang, 2022. "From multivariate to functional data analysis: Fundamentals, recent developments, and emerging areas," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    19. Luo Xiao & Yingxing Li & David Ruppert, 2013. "Fast bivariate P-splines: the sandwich smoother," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 75(3), pages 577-599, June.
    20. Kyunghee Han & Pantelis Z Hadjipantelis & Jane-Ling Wang & Michael S Kramer & Seungmi Yang & Richard M Martin & Hans-Georg Müller, 2018. "Functional principal component analysis for identifying multivariate patterns and archetypes of growth, and their association with long-term cognitive development," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(11), pages 1-18, November.

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