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Poisson Regression for Clustered Data

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  • Eugene Demidenko

Abstract

We compare five methods for parameter estimation of a Poisson regression model for clustered data: (1) ordinary (naive) Poisson regression (OP), which ignores intracluster correlation, (2) Poisson regression with fixed cluster‐specific intercepts (FI), (3) a generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach with an equi‐correlation matrix, (4) an exact generalized estimating equations (EGEE) approach with an exact covariance matrix, and (5) maximum likelihood (ML). Special attention is given to the simplest case of the Poisson regression with a cluster‐specific intercept random when the asymptotic covariance matrix is obtained in closed form. We prove that methods 1–5, except GEE, produce the same estimates of slope coefficients for balanced data (an equal number of observations in each cluster and the same vectors of covariates). All five methods lead to consistent estimates of slopes but have different efficiency for unbalanced data design. It is shown that the FI approach can be derived as a limiting case of maximum likelihood when the cluster variance increases to infinity. Exact asymptotic covariance matrices are derived for each method. In terms of asymptotic efficiency, the methods split into two groups: OP & GEE and EGEE & FI & ML. Thus, contrary to the existing practice, there is no advantage in using GEE because it is substantially outperformed by EGEE and FI. In particular, EGEE does not require integration and is easy to compute with the asymptotic variances of the slope estimates close to those of the ML. Nous comparons cinq méthodes d'estimation paramétrique d'un modèle de régression de Poisson pour des données groupées: (1) régression ordinaire (naïve) de Poisson, qui ignore la corrélation intraclasse, (2) régression de Poisson avec termes constants fixés spécifiques aux classes, (3) approche généralisée d'estimation d'équations (GEE) avec matrice d'équi‐corrélation, (4) approche généralisée d'estimation d'équations (EGEE) avec une matrice de covariance exacte et (5) maximum de vraisemblance. Une attention spéciale est donnée au cas le plus simple d'une régression de Poisson avec terme constant aléatoire spécifique par classe quand la matrice de covariance asymptotique est obtenue sous forme fermée. Nous montrons que les méthodes 1 à 5 sauf GEE produisent les mémes estimateurs de coefficients de pente pour des données cylindrées (un méme nombre d'observations dans chaque classe et le méme vecteur de covariables). Les cinq méthodes conduisent à des estimateurs de pentes cohérents mais ont des efficacités différentes pour des données non cylindrées. Il est montré que l'approche FI peut étre considérée comme un cas limite de maximum de vraisemblance quand la variance de classe augmente jusqu'à l'infini. Les matrices de covariance asymptotique exactes sont déduites pour chaque méthode. En terme d'efficacité asymptotique, les méthodes se séparent en deux groupes: OP & GEE et EGEE & FI & ML. Ainsi, contrairement à la pratique existante, il n'y a pas d'avantage à utiliser GEE parce qu'elle est largement surpassée par EGEE et FI. En particulier, EGEE ne requiert pas d'intégration et est facile à calculer avec des variances asymptotiques des estimateurs de pentes proches de ceux du ML.

Suggested Citation

  • Eugene Demidenko, 2007. "Poisson Regression for Clustered Data," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 75(1), pages 96-113, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:istatr:v:75:y:2007:i:1:p:96-113
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-5823.2006.00003.x
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