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Design‐based or Prediction‐based Inference? Stratified Random vs Stratified Balanced Sampling

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  • K. R. W. Brewer

Abstract

Early survey statisticians faced a puzzling choice between randomized sampling and purposive selection but, by the early 1950s, Neyman's design‐based or randomization approach had become generally accepted as standard. It remained virtually unchallenged until the early 1970s, when Royall and his co‐authors produced an alternative approach based on statistical modelling. This revived the old idea of purposive selection, under the new name of “balanced sampling”. Suppose that the sampling strategy to be used for a particular survey is required to involve both a stratified sampling design and the classical ratio estimator, but that, within each stratum, a choice is allowed between simple random sampling and simple balanced sampling; then which should the survey statistician choose? The balanced sampling strategy appears preferable in terms of robustness and efficiency, but the randomized design has certain countervailing advantages. These include the simplicity of the selection process and an established public acceptance that randomization is “fair”. It transpires that nearly all the advantages of both schemes can be secured if simple random samples are selected within each stratum and a generalized regression estimator is used instead of the classical ratio estimator. Les statisticiens de sondage ont eu un choix problématique entre l'échantillonage aléatoire et une sélection choisie a dessin, mais dansles premières années 1950, l'approche de Neyman basée sur les plans d'échantillonage, ou sa méthode aléatoire, était devenue l'étalon géneralement; accepté Cet étalon n'a pas eu de concurrence jusqu'aux premières années 1970, Iorsque Royall et ses collègues on produit une approche alternative basée sur un modèle statistique. Cette approche a réactivé l'ancienne idée de sélection choisie à dessein, sous le titre d'échantillonage compensé. Supposons que la stratégie d'échantillonage employée pou un sondage particulier nécessite, en meme temps, un plan d'échantillonage stratifié et l'estimateur classique du quotient; mais que dans chaque strate, le choix est permis entre l'échantillonage simple aléatoire et l'échantillonage simple compensé. On se demande lequel des deux le statisticien de sondage choisirait? La stratégie d'échantillonage compensé semple préférable du point de vue de robustesse et d'eficacité, mais le plan aléatoire a, malgré tout, certains avantages. Ceux‐ci comprennent la simplicitfé du processus de sélection et l'acceptation publique que la methode alé atoire est équitable. On se rend compte que presque tous les avantages des deux procédés peuvent etre combinés si les échantillons aléatoires simples sont choisis parmi chaque strate, et un estimateur de régression généralisée est employé au lieu de l'estimateur classque du quotient.

Suggested Citation

  • K. R. W. Brewer, 1999. "Design‐based or Prediction‐based Inference? Stratified Random vs Stratified Balanced Sampling," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 67(1), pages 35-47, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:istatr:v:67:y:1999:i:1:p:35-47
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-5823.1999.tb00379.x
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