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Atributos de confianza, normas y certificacion. Comparacion de estandares para hortalizas

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  • Compes, Raul

Abstract

RESUMEN - Cuando un producto tiene atributos de confianza que son valorados por los consumidores, el mercado no funciona de forma óptima. Si existen externalidades negativas derivadas del consumo y la producción es eficiente que el gobierno establezca normas sobre las características del producto, del proceso productivo, del etiquetado o de las responsabilidades del productor. Si existen externalidades positivas o la acción colectiva es costosa lo óptimo puede ser que el gobierno fije o promueva estándares voluntarios. En el resto de los casos, es posible que una empresa transmita información creíble a los consumidores a partir de un sistema de aseguramiento privado mediante el cuál una entidad independiente certifique que cumple unos determinados estándares. En el caso de los productos hortícolas, particularmente el tomate de invernadero, existen varios sistemas de aseguramiento públicos y privados, sobre todo de ámbito colectivo, para distinguir aquellos productos más sanos y respetuosos con el medio ambiente. El procedimiento a seguir para obtener la certificación es formalmente bastante similar, pero los estándares y las auditorías son distintos. Hay estándares más exigentes, tanto por el número de requisitos que fijan como por el nivel de exigencia. Las mayores coincidencias entre ellos se dan en el capítulo de seguridad alimentaria. Los estándares más completos son los de EUREPGAP y AENOR. EUREPGAP ha sido elaborado por un conjunto significativo de distribuidores europeos. Esto le da una ventaja sobre el resto: para una explotación resulta más eficiente certificarse según su estándar, al ser los costes de transacción menores. Para no quedarse fuera del mercado, y ante las dificultades de los consumidores para distinguir entre unos estándares y otros, los demás están intentando que EUREP les reconozca como equivalentes. De generalizarse esta conducta, la certificación será más un mecanismo de entrada al mercado que un elemento de diferenciación. SUMMARY - European consumers are demanding more trust attributes for the safety of products and the origins or methods of the food production chain. The supply of these attributes in the optimal quantity makes it necessary and very often the participation of a third party: the government if there are externalities derived from consumption and production of these attributes, i.e. through obligatory standards, or an independent entity to certify the fulfilment of a voluntary standard. In the vegetable sector, in general, and in the fresh tomato production, in particular, the number of these obligatory norms and voluntary standards has raised considerably in the last few years. This proliferation has created a problem of information and knowledge for consumers and producers, who need to know the differences in order to decide what to do. By comparing the main voluntary standards, we see that the greatest coincidences are established in the food security chapter. Therefore, there are more demanding standards due to a greater number of fixed requirements and a higher exigency level. EUREPGAP and AENOR are the more complete standards. The first has the advantage of reducing the transaction costs between the promoting supermarkets and their vegetable suppliers and, at the same time, is becoming a barrier for selling to them.

Suggested Citation

  • Compes, Raul, 2002. "Atributos de confianza, normas y certificacion. Comparacion de estandares para hortalizas," Economia Agraria y Recursos Naturales, Spanish Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 2(01), pages 1-16.
  • Handle: RePEc:ags:earnsa:28754
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.28754
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