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The Causal Relationship between Health and Education Expenditures in Malaysia

Author

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  • Chor Foon TANG

    (University of Malaya, Malaysia)

  • Yew Wah LAI

    (University Sains, Malaysia)

Abstract

A major macroeconomic policy in generating economic growth is to encourage investments on human capital such as health and education. This is because both health and education make significant contribution to increasing productivity of the labour force which ultimately exerts a positive effect on raising output levels. A question that arises is whether investments on health and education have a causal relationship and if so, what is the directional causality? The objective of this study is to examine the causal relationship between health and education expenditures in Malaysia. This study covered annual data from 1970 to 2007. Using Granger causality as well as Toda and Yamamoto MWALD causality approaches, this study suggests that education Granger-causes health expenditure in both the short run and long run. The findings of this study implied that the Malaysian society places preference on education expenditure rather than health. This preference is not unexpected as generally, an educated and knowledgeable society precedes a healthy one. Before a society has attained a relatively higher level of education, it is less aware of the importance of health. Thus, expenditure on education should lead expenditure on health.

Suggested Citation

  • Chor Foon TANG & Yew Wah LAI, 2011. "The Causal Relationship between Health and Education Expenditures in Malaysia," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania - AGER, vol. 0(8(561)), pages 61-74, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:agr:journl:v:8(561):y:2011:i:8(561):p:61-74
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Yun, Wong Sing, 2021. "Impact of Demographical Structural Change on Public Health Care Expenditure in Malaysia," Asian Journal of Applied Economics, Kasetsart University, Center for Applied Economics Research, vol. 28(2).
    2. Shiao-Yen Liu & Po-Chin Wu & Tsai-Yuan Huang, 2018. "Nonlinear Causality between Education and Health: the Role of Human Development Index," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 13(3), pages 761-777, September.
    3. Adeel Saleem & Ghulam Sarwar & Jahanzaib Sultan & Zulfiqar Ali, 2022. "Determinants of Public Healthcare Investment: Cointegration and Causality Evidence from Pakistan," Journal of Economic Impact, Science Impact Publishers, vol. 4(2), pages 01-13.
    4. Barkat, Karim & Sbia, Raschid & Maouchi, Youcef, 2019. "Empirical evidence on the long and short run determinants of health expenditure in the Arab world," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 78-87.
    5. Rahman Olanrewaju Raji, 2020. "Nutrition Intake, Health Status, Education and Economic Growth: A Causality Investigation," Econometric Research in Finance, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Collegium of Economic Analysis, vol. 5(2), pages 79-102, December.

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