IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/transa/v176y2023ics0965856423002331.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Are low emission zones and on-street parking management effective in reducing parking demand for most polluting vehicles and promoting greener ones?

Author

Listed:
  • Gonzalez, Juan Nicolas
  • Gomez, Juan
  • Vassallo, Jose Manuel

Abstract

Parking Management and Low Emission Zones (LEZs) are two of the most widely applied policies to reduce the negative externalities of private vehicles in urban areas and, in particular, to prevent the incorrect use of public spaces and encourage drivers to use the parking service more efficiently. Recently, some cities have been adjusting these measures to the environmental characteristics of the vehicles, but up to date, there is little empirical evidence about the effectiveness of that measures. The objective of the paper is to explore to what extent Parking Management and the implementation of LEZs reduce the parking demand of the most polluting vehicles. Based on a detailed database obtained from parking payment records (more than 50 million) in Madrid (Spain), a spatial econometric approach is conducted to analyze the impact of both policies on parking demand. Our analysis indicates that implementing Parking Management and LEZ policies resulted in more efficient use of parking space by incentivizing the use of environmentally friendly vehicles and reducing demand for highly polluting ones. This was achieved through a combination of LEZ restrictions and parking fare incentives or penalties linked to the environmental label of the vehicle. Consequently, on-street parking became a more attractive option for clean vehicles. Interestingly, this study also found that this phenomenon significantly impacted overall parking behavior throughout the city, not just within the LEZ.

Suggested Citation

  • Gonzalez, Juan Nicolas & Gomez, Juan & Vassallo, Jose Manuel, 2023. "Are low emission zones and on-street parking management effective in reducing parking demand for most polluting vehicles and promoting greener ones?," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 176(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:176:y:2023:i:c:s0965856423002331
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2023.103813
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856423002331
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.tra.2023.103813?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Piccioni, Cristiana & Valtorta, Marco & Musso, Antonio, 2019. "Investigating effectiveness of on-street parking pricing schemes in urban areas: An empirical study in Rome," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 136-147.
    2. Kobus, Martijn B.W. & Gutiérrez-i-Puigarnau, Eva & Rietveld, Piet & Van Ommeren, Jos N., 2013. "The on-street parking premium and car drivers' choice between street and garage parking," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(2), pages 395-403.
    3. Gragera, Albert & Hybel, Jesper & Madsen, Edith & Mulalic, Ismir, 2021. "A model for estimation of the demand for on-street parking," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 28(C).
    4. Ostermeijer, Francis & Koster, Hans & Nunes, Leonardo & van Ommeren, Jos, 2022. "Citywide parking policy and traffic: Evidence from Amsterdam," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    5. Daniel Albalate & Albert Gragera, 2018. "Empirical Evidence on Imperfect Information in the Parking Market," Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, University of Bath, vol. 52(3), pages 322-32-342.
    6. Arnott, Richard & Rowse, John, 2013. "Curbside parking time limits," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 89-110.
    7. Javier Tarriño-Ortiz & Julio A. Soria-Lara & Juan Gómez & José Manuel Vassallo, 2021. "Public Acceptability of Low Emission Zones: The Case of “Madrid Central”," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-17, March.
    8. Ioannis Chatziioannou & Luis Alvarez-Icaza & Efthimios Bakogiannis & Charalampos Kyriakidis & Luis Chias-Becerril, 2020. "A Structural Analysis for the Categorization of the Negative Externalities of Transport and the Hierarchical Organization of Sustainable Mobility’s Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-27, July.
    9. Mehdizadeh, Milad & Shariat-Mohaymany, Afshin, 2021. "Who are less likely to vote for a low emission charging zone? Attitudes and adoption of hybrid and electric vehicles," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 29-43.
    10. Hensher, David A. & King, Jenny, 2001. "Parking demand and responsiveness to supply, pricing and location in the Sydney central business district," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 177-196, March.
    11. J. Keith Ord & Arthur Getis, 2001. "Testing for Local Spatial Autocorrelation in the Presence of Global Autocorrelation," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(3), pages 411-432, August.
    12. Shokoohyar, Sina & Sobhani, Ahmad & Sobhani, Anae, 2020. "Impacts of trip characteristics and weather condition on ride-sourcing network: Evidence from Uber and Lyft," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    13. Muxin Zhai & Hendrik Wolff, 2021. "Air pollution and urban road transport: evidence from the world’s largest low-emission zone in London," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, vol. 23(4), pages 721-748, October.
    14. Anselin, Luc & Bera, Anil K. & Florax, Raymond & Yoon, Mann J., 1996. "Simple diagnostic tests for spatial dependence," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 26(1), pages 77-104, February.
    15. J. Elhorst, 2010. "Applied Spatial Econometrics: Raising the Bar," Spatial Economic Analysis, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 9-28.
    16. Zahra Dehghan Shabani & Sima Safaie, 2018. "Do transport infrastructure spillovers matter for economic growth? Evidence on road and railway transport infrastructure in Iranian provinces," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 10(1), pages 49-63, March.
    17. Cats, Oded & Zhang, Chen & Nissan, Albania, 2016. "Survey methodology for measuring parking occupancy: Impacts of an on-street parking pricing scheme in an urban center," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 55-63.
    18. Albalate, Daniel & Gragera, Albert, 2020. "The impact of curbside parking regulations on car ownership," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    19. Mingardo, Giuliano & van Wee, Bert & Rye, Tom, 2015. "Urban parking policy in Europe: A conceptualization of past and possible future trends," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 268-281.
    20. Lurkin, Virginie & Hambuckers, Julien & van Woensel, Tom, 2021. "Urban low emissions zones: A behavioral operations management perspective," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 222-240.
    21. J. Paul Elhorst, 2014. "Spatial Panel Data Models," SpringerBriefs in Regional Science, in: Spatial Econometrics, edition 127, chapter 0, pages 37-93, Springer.
    22. Badi H. Baltagi & Long Liu, 2016. "Random Effects, Fixed Effects and Hausman's Test for the Generalized Mixed Regressive Spatial Autoregressive Panel Data Model," Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(4), pages 638-658, April.
    23. Shoup, Donald, 2021. "Pricing curb parking," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 399-412.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Inci, Eren, 2015. "A review of the economics of parking," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 50-63.
    2. Zhong Wang & Rui Xu, 2022. "Price Controls and Platform Ecosystem: A Comparative Analysis of Parking Applications between Beijing and London," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-17, May.
    3. Albalate, Daniel & Gragera, Albert, 2017. "The determinants of garage prices and their interaction with curbside regulation," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 86-97.
    4. Lehner, Stephan & Peer, Stefanie, 2019. "The price elasticity of parking: A meta-analysis," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 177-191.
    5. Piccioni, Cristiana & Valtorta, Marco & Musso, Antonio, 2019. "Investigating effectiveness of on-street parking pricing schemes in urban areas: An empirical study in Rome," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 136-147.
    6. van Ommeren, Jos & de Groote, Jesper & Mingardo, Giuliano, 2014. "Residential parking permits and parking supply," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 33-44.
    7. Ardeshiri, Ali & Safarighouzhdi, Farshid & Hossein Rashidi, Taha, 2021. "Measuring willingness to pay for shared parking," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 186-202.
    8. Najmi, Ali & Bostanara, Maryam & Gu, Ziyuan & Rashidi, Taha H., 2021. "On-street parking management and pricing policies: An evaluation from a system enhancement perspective," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 128-151.
    9. Josip Grgić, 2021. "Impact of transport infrastructure on local development in Dalmatia," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(3), pages 527-558, June.
    10. Cats, Oded & Zhang, Chen & Nissan, Albania, 2016. "Survey methodology for measuring parking occupancy: Impacts of an on-street parking pricing scheme in an urban center," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 55-63.
    11. Gragera, Albert & Hybel, Jesper & Madsen, Edith & Mulalic, Ismir, 2021. "A model for estimation of the demand for on-street parking," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 28(C).
    12. Eliasson, Jonas & Börjesson, Maria, 2022. "Costs and benefits of parking charges in residential areas," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 95-109.
    13. Zhou, Xizhen & Lv, Mengqi & Ji, Yanjie & Zhang, Shuichao & Liu, Yong, 2023. "Pricing curb parking: Differentiated parking fees or cash rewards?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 46-58.
    14. Bondemark, Anders & Merkel, Axel, 2023. "Parking not included: The effect of paid residential parking on housing prices and its relationship with public transport proximity," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    15. Asplund, Disa & Pyddoke, Roger, 2021. "Optimal pricing of car use in a small city: A case study of Uppsala," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 88-103.
    16. Chakir, Raja & Lungarska, Anna, 2015. "Agricultural land rents in land use models: a spatial econometric analysis," 150th Seminar, October 22-23, 2015, Edinburgh, Scotland 212641, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    17. Fuess, Roland & Lerbs, Oliver, 2017. "Do Local Governments Tax Homeowner Communities Differently?," Working Papers on Finance 1714, University of St. Gallen, School of Finance.
    18. James P. LESAGE, 2014. "Software For Bayesian Spatial Model Comparison," Region et Developpement, Region et Developpement, LEAD, Universite du Sud - Toulon Var, vol. 40, pages 11-24.
    19. Modranka Emilia & Suchecka Jadwiga, 2014. "The Determinants Of Population Health Spatial Disparities," Comparative Economic Research, Sciendo, vol. 17(4), pages 173-185, December.
    20. J. Paul Elhorst & Katarina Zigova, 2011. "Evidence of Competition in Research Activity among Economic Department using Spatial Econometric Techniques," Working Paper Series of the Department of Economics, University of Konstanz 2011-04, Department of Economics, University of Konstanz.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:176:y:2023:i:c:s0965856423002331. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/547/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.