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Exempted sectors in free trade agreements

Author

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  • Alan V. Deardorff
  • Rishi R. Sharma

Abstract

Almost all participants in free trade agreements (FTAs) exclude at least a few products or sectors from complete tariff removal on the exports of their FTA partners. The positive tariffs that remain within an FTA are often the highest tariffs that the countries apply on an MFN basis. It seems plausible that such exclusions may be chosen because the domestic producers of these products are viewed as especially vulnerable to competition from imports from the partner country. In brief, they are especially “sensitive sectors.” We develop this idea theoretically and then test it empirically on data from 37 countries in 240 importer–exporter pairs within FTAs. We find support for the sensitive‐sector hypothesis only in the high‐income countries. We find that low‐income countries, in contrast, exempt sectors where bilateral tariff removal would be more likely trade‐diverting and therefore harmful. Our explanation for this, supported empirically, is not that they are following the advice of trade economists, but rather that they are avoiding loss of tariff revenue and may also perhaps be influenced by the greater bargaining power of richer and/or larger partners in their FTAs. Les secteurs exclus des accords de libre‐échange. Dans le cadre des traités de libre‐échange, presque tous les pays excluent des exportations de leurs partenaires commerciaux au moins quelques produits voire quelques secteurs d’une exonération totale de tarifs douaniers. Les tarifs douaniers restant imputables au sein de ces accords de libre‐échange sont souvent les tarifs douaniers les plus élevés appliqués par les différents pays selon la clause de la nation la plus favorisée ou clause NPF . De telles exclusions sont très vraisemblablement déterminées par l’exposition particulière des producteurs domestiques aux importations du pays partenaire. En clair, il s’agit de protéger les secteurs particulièrement sensibles. Nous avons d’abord étayé cette idée de façon théorique, puis l’avons évaluée de façon empirique en étudiant les données issues de 37 pays et de 240 paires d’importateurs et d’exportateurs au sein d’accords de libre‐échange. Nous pouvons corroborer cette hypothèse du secteur sensible uniquement dans les pays à revenu élevé. Les pays à faible revenu, quant à eux, excluent les secteurs où la suppression bilatérale des tarifs douaniers aurait davantage tendance à engendrer une distorsion commerciale, ce qui s’avérerait néfaste. Notre explication, appuyée de façon empirique, ne corrobore en rien l’idée que ces pays suivent les recommandations des économistes du commerce, mais plutôt qu’ils cherchent à éviter les pertes de recettes douanières; un pouvoir de négociation plus important des pays plus riches et/ou plus grands au sein de leurs accords de libre‐échange pourrait également influencer leurs décisions.

Suggested Citation

  • Alan V. Deardorff & Rishi R. Sharma, 2021. "Exempted sectors in free trade agreements," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 54(1), pages 284-310, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:54:y:2021:i:1:p:284-310
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12498
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Alan V. Deardorff & Rishi R. Sharma, "undated". "The Simple Analytics of Trade Creation and Diversion," Working Papers 670, Research Seminar in International Economics, University of Michigan.
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    12. Rishi R. Sharma, 2018. "Optimal tariffs with inframarginal exporters," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(4), pages 768-783, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ornelas, Emanuel & Turner, John L. & Bickwit, Grant, 2021. "Preferential trade agreements and global sourcing," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    2. Kuenzel, David J. & Sharma, Rishi R., 2021. "Preferential trade agreements and MFN tariffs: Global evidence," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    3. Hosoe, Nobuhiro & Akune, Yuko, 2019. "Impact of Trade Liberalization on the Japanese Agri-food Sectors: A General Equilibrium Analysis with Farm Heterogeneity and Product Differentiation," Conference papers 333025, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
    4. Ornelas, Emanuel & Tovar, Patricia, 2022. "Intra-bloc tariffs and preferential margins in trade agreements," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    5. Nobuhiro Hosoe & Yuko Akune, 2019. "Can the Japanese Agri-food Sectors Survive by Promoting their Exports?:A General Equilibrium Analysis with Farm Heterogeneity and Product Differentiation," GRIPS Discussion Papers 19-06, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
    6. Alan V. Deardorff & Rishi R. Sharma, "undated". "The Simple Analytics of Trade Creation and Diversion," Working Papers 670, Research Seminar in International Economics, University of Michigan.

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    JEL classification:

    • F13 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations

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