Impact protection using novel fibre reinforced concrete

The research described in this paper identifies how the use of three-dimensional (3D) unwelded fibre reinforcement can provide protection against back-face spalling in the case of damage caused by impact, and contributes to understanding how such material specification can carry significant long-term benefits. When subjected to ballistic impact or explosion, reinforced concrete suffers back-face spalling caused by compressive stress waves, resulting in projectiles that can cause injury and collateral damage. This conceptual study seeks to reduce concrete projectiles and subsequent damage using 3D unwelded fibre-reinforcement. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) straight fibres rely on orientation and positioning for effective bridging of rupture planes, whereas 3D fibres benefit from inherent superiority of their orientation across a rupture plane. Twenty-five kilograms of 3D unwelded fibres (3DUWBL) and 2D fibres per m3 of concrete were used in the mix designs. Samples were tested for compressive strength, fibre pull-out, three-point and four-point flexural testing and ballistic impact. There was significant improvement in toughness and post-fracture control within the 3DUWBL specimens. The 3DUWBL fibres exceeded EN 14889 standards, outperforming the 2D fibre specimens, and controlled back-face spalling and reduced airborne projectiles in comparison to the 2D fibres. The study is limited to demonstrating proof of concept. The implication of these results will inform future research studies in this area. The results identify a current gap in research associated with 3D unwelded fibre use and the reduction of back-face spalling. 3D fibres overcome the significant failings of even dispersion and bond pull-out strength ordinarily associated with 2D fibres. This is due to the x y z orientation and omission of the welded connection. The implications are a reduction in manufacturing time and costs, making 3DUWBL fibres a more viable industry application. This research shows that 3D unwelded fibre reinforcement provides good resistance to back-face spalling of concrete elements when they are subjected to ballistic stresses. Such fibres are not currently commercially available, but they would be cheaper to produce, and their novel fibre shape provides enhanced post-crack toughness performance with the addition of lower variability, providing a lower-risk form of crack control.