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Dynamics of income in Jharkhand: evidences from village studies

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  • Singh, K.M.
  • Meena, M.S.
  • Singh, R.K.P.
  • Kumar, Abhay
  • Kumar, Anjani

Abstract

The study is undertaken in four sample villages of the two sample districts in Jharkhand state, namely, Ranchi and Dumka to track the changes in rural poverty in eastern states of India. The data pertains to these two representative districts, one representing socioeconomically developed district (Ranchi) and other representing the socioeconomically backward district (Dumka).Primary data collected from four villages of Jharkhand i.e., two villages each from Ranchi and Dumka districts of Jharkhand state. A sample of 40 households from each village, making a total household sample of 160 was selected for detailed investigation in project entitled “Tracking Change in Rural Poverty in Households and Village Economies in South Asia”. Besides simple statistical tools, loreze curve are plotted. Gini Ratio is computed to measure income inequality among villages of Jharkhand. Diversification index is computed to have an idea about diversity of income sources. Linear regression model is adopted to identify the determinants of income. The study reveales Per capita income reflects the purchasing power and living standard of the people. The per capita income/annum in sample villages ranged from 6, 378 to 14,871 which shows a difference of more than doubles ( 8, 493). There are various sources of income however; non-farm activity was prominent source of income among all villages (37.19% to 63.67%). More interestingly, Jajmani system is still prevalent in the state and accumulating a considerable income. This shows that income diversification is a long practiced strategy by many livelihoods in order to reduce risk of external shocks. State has great diversity of income. Livestock system is an integral part of livelihoods of rural poor however its contribution is negligible. Livestock sector could be revived through the technological intervention from research institutes, development departments and policy planners. Study shows that age, education, size of households, non-farming income, and adoption of high yielding varieties are the main determining factors who had a significant impact on households’ income. Gini ratio shows that highest inequality was found in Dumariya village (0.43). The ranges of Gini ratio were 0.33-0.43. The highest inequality was observed among labour class (0.55) followed by large (0.50), medium (0.37) and small (0.34) category. Income inequality is higher across villages and households and education and income level emerged as important sources of inequality. The findings have important policy implications. At government point of view, there is dire need for generating more non-farm labour opportunities through public works. These opportunities could lead to the better infrastructure facilities and rural livelihoods in rural India. Providing labour opportunities outside the agricultural activities can serve manifold and can reduce the income inequalities among the rural poor. It can play an important role in poverty reduction intervention and will provide safety mesh for income shocks. It will assist in reducing unemployment and under-employment in rural area. Education is an instrument for change. It brings the changes in the thinking process, knowledge, skills and attitude of people. Hence it could be an instrument for reducing inequality among the rural poor.

Suggested Citation

  • Singh, K.M. & Meena, M.S. & Singh, R.K.P. & Kumar, Abhay & Kumar, Anjani, 2012. "Dynamics of income in Jharkhand: evidences from village studies," MPRA Paper 44822, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 15 Nov 2012.
  • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:44822
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jamison, Eliot A. & Jamison, Dean T. & Hanushek, Eric A., 2007. "The effects of education quality on income growth and mortality decline," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(6), pages 771-788, December.
    2. Leibbrandt, Murray & Woolard, Christopher & Woolard, Ingrid, 2000. "The Contribution of Income Components to Income Inequality in the Rural Former Homelands of South Africa: A Decomposable Gini Analysis," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 9(1), pages 79-99, March.
    3. Mehtabul Azam & Abusaleh Shariff, 2011. "Income Inequality in Rural India: Decomposing the Gini by Income Sources," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 31(1), pages 739-748.
    4. M. N. Asadullah & S. Rahman, 2009. "Farm productivity and efficiency in rural Bangladesh: the role of education revisited," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(1), pages 17-33.
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    1. Meena, M.S. & Singh, K.M. & Singh, R.K.P. & Kumar, Anjani & Kumar, Abhay, 2016. "An exploratory research on income dynamics, inequality, determinants & policy implications for sustainable livelihoods of tribal community in eastern India," MPRA Paper 80265, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 23 Sep 2016.
    2. Meena, M.S. & Singh, K.M., 2013. "Changing behaviour of self help group members: Pathway for sustainable rural livelihoods in Eastern India," MPRA Paper 48954, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 05 Aug 2013.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Rural income; Determinants of rural income; Probit analysis.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H0 - Public Economics - - General
    • O2 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Development Planning and Policy
    • O20 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Development Planning and Policy - - - General
    • Q0 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - General
    • Q1 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture

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