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Economic Effects of an Uncoordinated Versus a Coordinated Carbon Dioxide Policy in the European Union: An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis

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  • Klaus Conrad
  • Tobias Schmidt

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to quantify the economic effects of introducing carbon-reduction policies in the European Union (EU). For this purpose, we use linked applied general equilibrium (AGE) models for 11 EU member countries. This method enables us to measure the change in competitiveness for domestic industries; the effect on growth, employment and inflation in member countries; and the costs and benefits of a coordinated versus an uncoordinated approach to adhere to an EU target of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Unemployment is high in the EU, and many economists believe that this problem as well as global warming can be solved by a CO2 tax, where tax revenues are used to reduce employers' contributions to social insurance. Then, hopefully, a'double dividend will result for the environment as well as for the labor market. In one simulation, each country implements a CO2 tax to limit CO2 emissions by 10%. As an alternative to this uncoordinated approach, we calculated an overall CO2 tax for the EU to limit the CO2 emissions of the EU by 10%. We will measure the effects on the labor market, on economic performance and on trade flows under the uncoordinated CO2 policy, and will compare the results with the coordinated CO2 policy of an overall CO2 reduction for the EU.

Suggested Citation

  • Klaus Conrad & Tobias Schmidt, 1998. "Economic Effects of an Uncoordinated Versus a Coordinated Carbon Dioxide Policy in the European Union: An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis," Economic Systems Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(2), pages 161-182.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:ecsysr:v:10:y:1998:i:2:p:161-182
    DOI: 10.1080/09535319808565472
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Alberto Gago & Xavier Labandeira & Xiral López Otero, 2014. "A Panorama on Energy Taxes and Green Tax Reforms," Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, IEF, vol. 208(1), pages 145-190, March.
    2. Emilio Padilla Rosa & Jordi Roca Jusmet, 2002. "Las propuestas para un impuesto europeo sobre el CO2 y sus potenciales distributivas entre países," Working Papers wp0201cast, Department of Applied Economics at Universitat Autonoma of Barcelona.
    3. Daniela Kletzan & Angela Köppl & Kurt Kratena, 2002. "E3 Impacts of Domestic Emissions Trading Regimes in Liberalised Energy Markets. Carbon Leakage or Double Dividend?," WIFO Working Papers 177, WIFO.
    4. Christian Lutz, 2000. "NO x Emissions and the Use of Advanced Pollution Abatement Techniques in West Germany," Economic Systems Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(3), pages 305-318.
    5. Tim Jackson & Ben Drake & Peter Victor & Kurt Kratena & Mark Sommer, 2014. "Foundations for an Ecological Macroeconomics. Literature Review and Model Development. WWWforEurope Working Paper No. 65," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 47497.
    6. Kurt Kratena, 2005. "Prices and factor demand in an endogenized input-output model," Economic Systems Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(1), pages 47-56.
    7. Emilio Padilla & Jordi Roca, 2002. "The proposals for a European tax on CO2 and their implications for intercountry," Working Papers wp0201, Department of Applied Economics at Universitat Autonoma of Barcelona.
    8. Wilfried Altzinger & Peter Egger & Peter Huber & Kurt Kratena & Michael Pfaffermayr & Michael Wüger, 2000. "Teilprojekt 5: Transnationale Direktinvestitionen und Kooperationen," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 19587.
    9. Tim Jackson & Peter Victor & Ali Asjad Naqvi, 2016. "Towards a Stock-Flow Consistent Ecological Macroeconomics. WWWforEurope Working Paper No. 114," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 58788.
    10. Thomas Horvath & Ulrike Huemer & Kurt Kratena & Helmut Mahringer & Mark Sommer & Karolin Gstinig & Dominik Janisch & Raimund Kurzmann & Veronika Kulmer, 2016. "Beschäftigungsmultiplikatoren und die Besetzung von Arbeitsplätzen in Österreich," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 58837.
    11. Emilio Padilla Rosa & Jordi Roca Jusmet, 2003. "Las propuestas para un impuesto europeo sobre el CO2 y sus potenciales implicaciones distributivas entre países," Revista de Economía Crítica, Asociación de Economía Crítica, vol. 2, pages 5-24.
    12. Jaume Freire-González & Mun S. Ho, 2018. "Environmental Fiscal Reform and the Double Dividend: Evidence from a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-18, February.
    13. Emilio Padilla & Jordi Roca, 2004. "The Proposals for a European Tax on CO 2 and Their Implications for Intercountry Distribution," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 27(3), pages 273-295, March.
    14. Osmo Forssell, 1998. "Extending Economy-wide Models with Environment-related Parts," Economic Systems Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(2), pages 183-199.
    15. Böhringer, Christoph & Jensen, Jesper & Rutherford, Thomas F., 1999. "Energy market projections and differentiated carbon abatement in the European Union," ZEW Discussion Papers 99-11, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    16. Xavier Labandeira & José M. Labeaga & Xiral López-Otero, 2019. "New Green Tax Reforms: Ex-Ante Assessments for Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(20), pages 1-25, October.
    17. Kurt Kratena & Michael Wüger, 2010. "An Intertemporal Optimisation Model of Households in an E3-Model (Economy/Energy/Environment) Framework," WIFO Working Papers 382, WIFO.
    18. Mikuláš Luptáčik & Peter Luptáčik, 2017. "Analysis and quantification of a new fiscally neutral European tax," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 44(4), pages 635-663, November.
    19. Kurt Kratena, 2003. "Should High-tax Countries Pursue Revenue-neutral Ecological Tax Reforms? A Comment," WIFO Working Papers 197, WIFO.

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