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The evolution of the Uppsala model: Towards non-linearity of internationalization of firms

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  • Krzysztof Wach

    (Cracow University of Economics, Poland)

Abstract

Objective: The objective of the article is to synthesize the process of transforming the Uppsala model of internationalization of the firm from the original one of 1977 to the most up-to-date model of globalization of 2017. Research Design & Methods: This article is based on a literature review – primary sources presenting the concepts of Johanson and Vahlne as the authors of the Uppsala models. Findings: This article discusses a total of seven models proposed by Johansson and Vahlne (in the years 1977, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017) with their various smooth extensions (1990, 2003, 2006, 2012) showing the way they were transformed and evolved. Implications & Recommendations: Although stages models are often criticized in the literature, they are still widely used in empirical research. Their successive modifications may attest to their universal character and timelessness. Contribution & Value Added: The article compiles all the major models from Johanson and Vahlne, and sometimes also of their co-authors (Ivarsson and Schweizer), in one place, showing their common base and differentiating issues that differ in these models.

Suggested Citation

  • Krzysztof Wach, 2021. "The evolution of the Uppsala model: Towards non-linearity of internationalization of firms," International Entrepreneurship Review, Centre for Strategic and International Entrepreneurship at the Cracow University of Economics., vol. 7(2), pages 7-19.
  • Handle: RePEc:krk:ientre:v:7:y:2021:i:2:p:7-19
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    File URL: https://ier.uek.krakow.pl/index.php/pm/article/view/2033/2123
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Oleksiuk Adam & Pleśniak Agnieszka, 2022. "Environment Characteristics and Internationalization of SMEs: Insights from a Polish and Finnish Sample," Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe, Sciendo, vol. 30(3), pages 175-194, September.
    2. Hyder Akmal S. & Sundström Agneta & Chowdhury Ehsanul H., 2022. "Knowledge of Network-Based Market Orientation for the Internationalization of Disruptive Innovation in SMEs," Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe, Sciendo, vol. 30(3), pages 36-60, September.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Uppsala model; U-model; stages model; process theory of internationalization; incremental internationalization; network approach; international entrepreneurship;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F23 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Multinational Firms; International Business
    • M16 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration - - - International Business Administration

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