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A Review of Smart Materials in 4D Printing for Hygrothermal Rehabilitation: Innovative Insights for Sustainable Building Stock Management

Author

Listed:
  • Babak Farham

    (Department of Civil Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal)

  • Luis Baltazar

    (Department of Civil Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal)

Abstract

There is an issue in the building stock, especially in Europe, concerning energy efficiency and climate change adaptation. Due to insufficient thermal insulation and passive solutions, the majority of the existing buildings are not only ill-prepared for the negative effects of climate change, but they also contribute to higher energy consumption. The combination of smart materials and 4D printing for hygrothermal rehabilitation of building facades is the main topic of this review paper. The paper examines the application of smart materials in construction to overcome problems with moisture and heat transfer and other issues in the building envelope. It discusses numerous instances of this printing technology’s applications, such as particular responsive elements, identifies trends and draws attention to knowledge gaps in the field, and assesses environmental and economic impacts. The objective is to offer comparable data to aid in upcoming studies concerning the creation of 4D-printed building façade solutions. Additionally, the paper can be interpreted as a collaborative attempt to influence the direction of future hygrothermal building rehabilitation practices. It also aims to assist designers and other relevant parties in understanding the advantages, restrictions, and difficulties related to 4D printing and smart materials for the sustainable management of buildings.

Suggested Citation

  • Babak Farham & Luis Baltazar, 2024. "A Review of Smart Materials in 4D Printing for Hygrothermal Rehabilitation: Innovative Insights for Sustainable Building Stock Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-17, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:10:p:4067-:d:1393571
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sughwan Kim & Daniel Zirkelbach & Hartwig M. Künzel, 2023. "Review of Methods to Create Meteorological Data Suitable for Moisture Control Design by Hygrothermal Building Envelope Simulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-21, April.
    2. Sun, Hongli & Duan, Mengfan & Yang, Zixu & Ding, Pei & Wu, Yifan & Lin, Borong, 2023. "Evaluation of the intermittent performance of heating terminals based on exergy analysis: Discriminate the impacts of heat and electricity input," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 346(C).
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