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Salarios relativos y liberación del comercio en México

Author

Listed:
  • Cañonero, Gustavo

    (Fondo Monetario Internacional)

  • Werner, Alejandro

    (Fondo Monetario Internacional)

Abstract

This paper studies the widening of wage differentials between skilled and unskilled workers after the major trade liberalization effort that took place in Mexico between 1986 and 1990. In contrast with the implications of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, that the abundant factor should gain from openness, the data available for Mexico shows that the average relative wage of an unskilled worker decreased by more than 20% by the end of 1990. We argue that the Stolper-Samuelson effect is a long run effect, that would eventually determine the response of factor prices to a change in goods prices. But, in the short run, when a country opens its economy, the change experienced in relative prices can lead to an increase in imports of capital goods. If the degree of substitutability between capital and unskilled labor is high, and skilled labor is sector specific in the short run, the observed increase in the capital stock will lead to an increase in the relative demand for skilled labor in every sector, thus generating a widening of the wage differential between skilled and unskilled labor. We study the changes in relative wages in Mexico using a panel with data from 2 393 manufacturing plants. First, we compose the change in the aggregate ratio of unskilled to skilled worker into demand driven changes and technology driven changes. Second, we estimate relative demand for skilled and unskilled labor. Both exercise give strong support to the different channels presented in the paper and show that both effects, the Stolper-Samuelson and the increase in the capital stock effect played an important role in the determination of relative wages in Mexico. // Este ensayo estudia la ampliación de los diferenciales salariales entre trabajadores calificados y no calificados después del gran esfuerzo de liberación del comercio exterior de México entre 1986 y 1990. Contra lo que sugiere el teorema de Stolper-Samuelson, de que el factor abundante debe ganar con la apertura, los datos disponibles para México revelan que el salario promedio relativo de un trabajador no calificado disminuyó más de 20% a fines de 1990. Afirmamos aquí que el efecto de Stolper-Samuelson es de largo plazo, que determinaría finalmente la respuesta de los precios de los factores a un cambio en el precio de los bienes. Pero a corto plazo, cuando un país abre su economía, el cambio en los precios relativos puede provocar un aumento de las importaciones de bienes de capital. Si hay un alto grado de sustituibilidad entre el capital y la mano de obra no calificada, y la mano de obra calificada es específica de cada sector a corto plazo, el incremento observado en el acervo de capital provocará un aumento de la demanda relativa de mano de obra calificada en cada sector, generando así una ampliación del diferencial salarial entre la mano de obra calificada y la no calificada. Estudiamos los cambios en los salarios relativos en México, utilizando un panel con datos de 2 393 plantas manufactureras. En primer lugar, descompondremos el cambio en la proporción total de trabajadores no calificados/trabajadores calificados en los cambios impulsados por la demanda y los impulsados por la tecnología. En segundo lugar, estimaremos la demanda relativa de mano de obra calificada y no calificada. Ambos ejercicios darán un apoyo grande a las diferentes vías presentadas en el ensayo y demostrarán que ambos efectos, el de Stolper-Samuelson y el del incremento del acervo de capital, desempeñaron un papel importante en la determinación de los salarios relativos en México.

Suggested Citation

  • Cañonero, Gustavo & Werner, Alejandro, 2002. "Salarios relativos y liberación del comercio en México," El Trimestre Económico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, vol. 0(273), pages 123-142, enero-mar.
  • Handle: RePEc:elt:journl:v:69:y:2002:i:273:p:123-142
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    Cited by:

    1. Cardoso-Vargas, Carlos, 2015. "Potencial de mercado y desigualdad salarial, evidencia para México [Market potential and wage inequality, evidence for Mexico]," MPRA Paper 68424, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 05 Nov 2015.
    2. Robertson, Raymond, 2004. "Relative prices and wage inequality: evidence from Mexico," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(2), pages 387-409, December.
    3. Cardoso-Vargas, Carlos, 2015. "Potencial de mercado y desigualdad salarial, evidencia para México [Market potential and wage inequality, evidence for Mexico]," MPRA Paper 69696, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 05 Nov 2015.
    4. Esquivel, Gerardo & Rodriguez-Lopez, Jose Antonio, 2003. "Technology, trade, and wage inequality in Mexico before and after NAFTA," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(2), pages 543-565, December.
    5. Francisco Benita, 2014. "A Cohort Analysis of the College Premium in Mexico," Latin American Journal of Economics-formerly Cuadernos de Economía, Instituto de Economía. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile., vol. 51(1), pages 147-178, May.
    6. Noria, Gabriela López, 2015. "The effect of trade and FDI on inter-industry wage differentials: The case of Mexico," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 381-397.

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