IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/eurcho/v20y2021i2p48-53.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Avocado Production: Water Footprint and Socio‐economic Implications

Author

Listed:
  • Ruben Sommaruga
  • Honor May Eldridge

Abstract

The market for avocados is among the fastest expanding markets worldwide, and consumption, particularly in North America and Europe, has increased during recent decades due largely to a combination of socio‐economic and marketing factors. Avocado production, however, is associated with significant water conflicts, stresses and hot spots, as well as with other negative environmental and socio‐economic impacts on local communities in the main production zones. In considering near‐future climatic change in tropical and subtropical areas where avocados are produced, an urgent road map is needed to avoid and mitigate negative effects of avocado production. This road map needs to bring authorities and policymakers together with large and small producers from areas with present and projected future water scarcity to evaluate the critical capacity and optimal levels of avocado production. The EU as one of the most important markets for this fruit could facilitate and support such a road map and at the same time critically promote imports from countries and regions where current and future severe water risk are not further threatened. Finally, consumer behaviour can contribute to minimising negative effects by making a conscious effort to engage in ethical consumption and environmental conservation, contributing to the sustainability of communities in producing areas. Le marché de l'avocat est l'un des marchés à la croissance la plus rapide au monde. En effet, la consommation a augmenté au cours des dernières décennies, en particulier en Amérique du Nord et en Europe, en grande partie en raison d'une combinaison de facteurs socio‐économiques et de marketing. Or la production d'avocat est associée à d'importants conflits, stress et points chauds en termes d'utilisation de l'eau, ainsi qu’à d'autres impacts environnementaux et socio‐économiques négatifs sur les communautés locales dans les principales zones de production. En considérant le changement climatique proche dans les zones tropicales et subtropicales où les avocats sont produits, une feuille de route urgente est nécessaire pour éviter et atténuer les effets négatifs de la production d'avocat. Cette feuille de route doit rassembler les autorités et les décideurs politiques ainsi que les petits et grands producteurs des régions marquées par une pénurie en eau qui se poursuivra selon les projections, afin d’évaluer la capacité critique et les niveaux optimaux de production d'avocat. Étant l'un des marchés les plus importants pour ce fruit, l'Union européenne pourrait faciliter et soutenir une telle feuille de route et en même temps promouvoir de manière critique les importations en provenance de pays et de régions où les risques hydriques graves actuels et futurs ne sont plus une menace. Enfin, le comportement des consommateurs peut contribuer à minimiser les effets négatifs en faisant un effort conscient pour s'engager dans une consommation éthique et la conservation de l'environnement, contribuant ainsi à la durabilité des communautés dans les zones de production. Der Avocadomarkt gehört zu den am schnellsten wachsenden Märkten weltweit. Der Verbrauch, insbesondere in Nordamerika und Europa, hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten vor allem aufgrund einer Kombination aus sozioökonomischen und marketingbezogenen Faktoren zugenommen. Die Avocadoproduktion ist jedoch mit erheblichen Wasserkonflikten, Belastungen und Krisenherden verbunden sowie mit anderen negativen umweltbezogenen und sozioökonomischen Auswirkungen auf die lokale Bevölkerung in den Hauptanbaugebieten. Angesichts des bevorstehenden Klimawandels in den tropischen und subtropischen Anbaugebieten wird ein Aktionsplan dringend benötigt, um die negativen Auswirkungen der Avocadoproduktion zu vermeiden und abzuschwächen. Dieser Aktionsplan muss Behörden und politische Entscheidungstragende mit großen und kleinen Anbaubetrieben aus den Gebieten mit gegenwärtiger und prognostizierter Wasserknappheit zusammenbringen, um die kritische Größe und das optimale Niveau der Avocadoproduktion zu bewerten. Die EU als einer der wichtigsten Märkte für diese Frucht könnte einen solchen Aktionsplan ermöglichen und unterstützen. Gleichzeitig könnte sie Importe aus Ländern und Regionen fördern, in denen gegenwärtig und zukünftig keine Wasserrisiken befürchtet werden. Schließlich kann auch das Verhalten der Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher dazu beitragen, die negativen Auswirkungen zu verringern. Dafür müssten sie sich bewusst um ethischen Konsum und Umweltschutz bemühen, um so zur Nachhaltigkeit der Gemeinden in den Anbaugebieten beizutragen.

Suggested Citation

  • Ruben Sommaruga & Honor May Eldridge, 2021. "Avocado Production: Water Footprint and Socio‐economic Implications," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 20(2), pages 48-53, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:20:y:2021:i:2:p:48-53
    DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12289
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12289
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/1746-692X.12289?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Iglesias, Ana & Garrote, Luis, 2015. "Adaptation strategies for agricultural water management under climate change in Europe," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 113-124.
    2. G. Donoso & E. Blanco & G. Franco & J. Lira, 2016. "Water footprints and irrigated agricultural sustainability: the case of Chile," International Journal of Water Resources Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(5), pages 738-748, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yang, Xin & Bornø, Marie Louise & Wei, Zhenhua & Liu, Fulai, 2021. "Combined effect of partial root drying and elevated atmospheric CO2 on the physiology and fruit quality of two genotypes of tomato plants with contrasting endogenous ABA levels," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    2. D. Santillán & L. Garrote & A. Iglesias & V. Sotes, 2020. "Climate change risks and adaptation: new indicators for Mediterranean viticulture," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 25(5), pages 881-899, May.
    3. Romero, Pascual & Botía, Pablo & del Amor, Francisco M. & Gil-Muñoz, Rocío & Flores, Pilar & Navarro, Josefa María, 2019. "Interactive effects of the rootstock and the deficit irrigation technique on wine composition, nutraceutical potential, aromatic profile, and sensory attributes under semiarid and water limiting condi," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
    4. Fraga, H. & García de Cortázar Atauri, I. & Santos, J.A, 2018. "Viticultural irrigation demands under climate change scenarios in Portugal," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 66-74.
    5. Gu, Nan & Zhang, Jianyun & Wang, Guoqing & Liu, Cuishan & Wang, Zhenlong & Lü, Haishen, 2022. "An atmospheric and soil thermal-based wheat crop coefficient method using additive crop growth models," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    6. Nazemi, Neda & Foley, Rider W. & Louis, Garrick & Keeler, Lauren Withycombe, 2020. "Divergent agricultural water governance scenarios: The case of Zayanderud basin, Iran," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    7. Nikolaos Gourgouletis & Marianna Gkavrou & Evangelos Baltas, 2023. "Comparison of Empirical ETo Relationships with ERA5-Land and In Situ Data in Greece," Geographies, MDPI, vol. 3(3), pages 1-23, August.
    8. Emna Guermazi & Marianne Milano & Emmanuel Reynard & Moncef Zairi, 2019. "Impact of climate change and anthropogenic pressure on the groundwater resources in arid environment," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 73-92, January.
    9. Pelosi, A. & Chirico, G.B., 2021. "Regional assessment of daily reference evapotranspiration: Can ground observations be replaced by blending ERA5-Land meteorological reanalysis and CM-SAF satellite-based radiation data?," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    10. Mustafa El-Rawy & Heba Fathi & Wouter Zijl & Fahad Alshehri & Sattam Almadani & Faisal K. Zaidi & Mofleh Aldawsri & Mohamed Elsayed Gabr, 2023. "Potential Effects of Climate Change on Agricultural Water Resources in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-17, June.
    11. Birthal, Pratap S. & Hazrana, Jaweriah & Negi, Digvijay S. & Pandey, Ghanshyam, 2021. "Benefits of irrigation against heat stress in agriculture: Evidence from wheat crop in India," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    12. Romero, Pascual & Navarro, Josefa María & Ordaz, Pablo Botía, 2022. "Towards a sustainable viticulture: The combination of deficit irrigation strategies and agroecological practices in Mediterranean vineyards. A review and update," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    13. Margarida Casau & Diana C. M. Cancela & João C. O. Matias & Marta Ferreira Dias & Leonel J. R. Nunes, 2021. "Coal to Biomass Conversion as a Path to Sustainability: A Hypothetical Scenario at Pego Power Plant (Abrantes, Portugal)," Resources, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-20, August.
    14. Tran, Thong Anh & Nguyen, Tri Huu & Vo, Thang Tat, 2019. "Adaptation to flood and salinity environments in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Empirical analysis of farmer-led innovations," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 216(C), pages 89-97.
    15. Mariusz Sojka & Michał Kozłowski & Rafał Stasik & Michał Napierała & Barbara Kęsicka & Rafał Wróżyński & Joanna Jaskuła & Daniel Liberacki & Jerzy Bykowski, 2019. "Sustainable Water Management in Agriculture—The Impact of Drainage Water Management on Groundwater Table Dynamics and Subsurface Outflow," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(15), pages 1-18, August.
    16. Zagaria, Cecilia & Schulp, Catharina J.E. & Zavalloni, Matteo & Viaggi, Davide & Verburg, Peter H., 2021. "Modelling transformational adaptation to climate change among crop farming systems in Romagna, Italy," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    17. Tiruye, A. E. & Belay, S. A. & Schmitter, Petra & Tegegne, Desalegn & Zimale, F. A. & Tilahun, S. A., 2023. "Yield, water productivity and nutrient balances under different water management technologies of irrigated wheat in Ethiopia," Papers published in Journals (Open Access), International Water Management Institute, pages 1-1(12):000.
    18. Ojo, Temitope & Adetoro, Adetoso A. & Ogundeji, Abiodun A. & Belle, Johannes A., 2021. "Quantifying the Determinants of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Farmers’ Access to Credit in South Africa," 2021 Conference, August 17-31, 2021, Virtual 315853, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    19. Satriani, A. & Catalano, M. & Scalcione, E., 2018. "The role of superabsorbent hydrogel in bean crop cultivation under deficit irrigation conditions: A case-study in Southern Italy," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 114-119.
    20. Romero, Pascual & Botía, Pablo & Navarro, Josefa María, 2018. "Selecting rootstocks to improve vine performance and vineyard sustainability in deficit irrigated Monastrell grapevines under semiarid conditions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 73-93.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:20:y:2021:i:2:p:48-53. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/eaaeeea.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.