IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/canjag/v69y2021i4p465-490.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Quality forecasts: Predicting when and how much markets value higher‐protein wheat

Author

Listed:
  • Anton Bekkerman

Abstract

Wheat markets stand out among other major crop commodity markets because pricing at the first point of exchange—typically a grain handling facility—is differentiated on specific quality characteristics. Moreover, the premiums and discounts that elevators offer to obtain grain of specific quality can be significant. The relative importance of quality premiums and discounts to farm‐level production and marketing decisions demonstrate a need to quantitatively measure and explain factors that affect elevators' wheat‐quality pricing decisions. This study develops an informed expectation model of elevators' quality‐based pricing strategies and empirically estimates the model from a lengthy dataset of weekly price observations. I find empirical evidence that elevators use linear pricing schedules, but more aggressively discount wheat with protein levels lower than a baseline than reward higher‐protein wheat. The results also indicate that weather characteristics, futures contract price indicators, and USDA Crop Progress reports are contributors to predicting the new crop protein premiums and discounts, and that out‐of‐sample accuracy for predicting how grain elevators will value wheat protein ranges between 70% and 80%. Les marchés du blé se distinguent des autres principaux marchés de produits agricoles parce que les prix au premier point d'échange—généralement une installation de manutention du grain—sont différenciés en fonction de caractéristiques de qualité spécifiques. De plus, les primes et rabais offerts par les élévateurs à grain pour obtenir des grains d'une qualité spécifique peuvent être importants. L'importance relative des primes de qualité et des remises sur les décisions de production et de commercialisation au niveau des exploitations démontre la nécessité de mesurer et d'expliquer quantitativement les facteurs qui affectent les décisions des élévateurs en matière de prix pour la qualité du blé. Cette étude développe un modèle éclairé des attentes de stratégies de tarification des élévateurs à grain basés sur la qualité et estime empiriquement le modèle à partir d'une longue série d'observations de prix hebdomadaires. J'ai trouvé des preuves empiriques que les élévateurs utilisent des barèmes de prix linéaires, mais baissent de manière plus agressive le prix du blé ayant des niveaux de protéines inférieurs à une base de référence qui favorise le blé à plus forte teneur en protéines. Les résultats indiquent également que les caractéristiques météorologiques, les indicateurs de prix des contrats à terme et les rapports USDA Crop Progress contribuent à prédire les primes et rabais pour les protéines de la nouvelle récolte, et que la précision hors échantillon pour prédire comment les élévateurs à grains évalueront les protéines de blé se situe entre 70 % et 80 %.

Suggested Citation

  • Anton Bekkerman, 2021. "Quality forecasts: Predicting when and how much markets value higher‐protein wheat," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 69(4), pages 465-490, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:canjag:v:69:y:2021:i:4:p:465-490
    DOI: 10.1111/cjag.12300
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12300
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/cjag.12300?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Katz, Ethan, 2001. "Bias in Conditional and Unconditional Fixed Effects Logit Estimation," Political Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 9(4), pages 379-384, January.
    2. Taylor, Mykel & Tonsor, Glynn & Dhuyvetter, Kevin, 2014. "Structural Change in Forward Contracting Costs for Kansas Wheat," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 39(2), pages 1-13.
    3. William W. Wilson & Bruce L. Dahl, 2011. "Grain contracting strategies: the case of durum wheat," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(3), pages 344-359, June.
    4. Goldfeld, Stephen M. & Quandt, Richard E., 1973. "A Markov model for switching regressions," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 3-15, March.
    5. Jens‐Peter Loy & Thore Holm & Carsten Steinhagen & Thomas Glauben, 2015. "Seasonal Quality Premiums for Wheat: A Case Study for Northern Germany," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(1), pages 63-75, January.
    6. Wilson, William W. & Gallagher, Paul W., 1990. "Quality Differences And Price Responsiveness Of Wheat Class Demands," Western Journal of Agricultural Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 15(02), December.
    7. Angrist, Joshua D, 2001. "Estimations of Limited Dependent Variable Models with Dummy Endogenous Regressors: Simple Strategies for Empirical Practice," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 19(1), pages 2-16, January.
    8. Goodwin, Barry K. & Smith, Vincent H., 2009. "Harvest-Time Protein Shocks and Price Adjustment in U.S. Wheat Markets," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 34(2), pages 1-19, August.
    9. Miao, Ruiqing & Hennessy, David A. & Feng, Hongli, 2016. "The Effects of Crop Insurance Subsidies and Sodsaver on Land-Use Change," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 41(2), May.
    10. Parcell, Joseph L. & Stiegert, Kyle W., 1998. "Competition For U.S. Hard Wheat Characteristics," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 23(1), pages 1-15, July.
    11. Bruno Larue, 1991. "Is Wheat a Homogeneous Product?," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 39(2), pages 103-117, July.
    12. William W. Wilson & Dragan Miljkovic, 2013. "Dynamic Interrelationships in Hard Wheat Basis Markets," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 61(3), pages 397-416, September.
    13. Anton Bekkerman, 2011. "Time‐varying hedge ratios in linked agricultural markets," Agricultural Finance Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 71(2), pages 179-200, August.
    14. William Greene, 2004. "The behaviour of the maximum likelihood estimator of limited dependent variable models in the presence of fixed effects," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 7(1), pages 98-119, June.
    15. Ruiqing Miao & David A. Hennessy, 2015. "Optimal Protein Segregation Strategies for Wheat Growers," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 63(3), pages 309-331, September.
    16. Malcolm D. Bale & Mary E. Ryan, 1977. "Wheat Protein Premiums and Price Differentials," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 59(3), pages 530-532.
    17. Hennessy, David A., 1996. "Economics of Purifying and Blending, The," Staff General Research Papers Archive 5261, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
    18. Angrist, Joshua D, 2001. "Estimations of Limited Dependent Variable Models with Dummy Endogenous Regressors: Simple Strategies for Empirical Practice: Reply," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 19(1), pages 27-28, January.
    19. Hamilton, James D, 1989. "A New Approach to the Economic Analysis of Nonstationary Time Series and the Business Cycle," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 57(2), pages 357-384, March.
    20. Smith, Vincent H., 2000. "Wheat Quality And Wheat Yields: Trade-Offs Among Price, Yield, Profit, And Risk," Special Reports 29174, Montana State University, Department of Agricultural Economics and Economics, Trade Research Center.
    21. Wilson, William W. & Gallagher, Paul, 1990. "Quality Differences and Price Responsiveness of Wheat Class Demands," ISU General Staff Papers 199012010800001447, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Dhakal, Aayush Raj & Etienne, Xiaoli L. & Trujillo-Barrera, Andres A., 2022. "Effect of Drought on Spring Wheat Prices in Northern United States," 2022 Annual Meeting, July 31-August 2, Anaheim, California 322285, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bekkerman, Anton, 2017. "Quality Forecasts: Predicting When and How Much Markets Value Higher Protein Wheat," 2017 Annual Meeting, July 30-August 1, Chicago, Illinois 259119, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    2. Thomas L. Marsh, 2005. "Economic substitution for US wheat food use by class," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 49(3), pages 283-301, September.
    3. Nathaniel Beck, 2018. "Estimating grouped data models with a binary dependent variable and fixed effects: What are the issues," Papers 1809.06505, arXiv.org.
    4. Ivan Fernandez-Val, 2005. "Estimation of Structural Parameters and Marginal Effects in Binary Choice Panel Data Models with Fixed Effects," Boston University - Department of Economics - Working Papers Series WP2005-38, Boston University - Department of Economics.
    5. Giuseppe Moscelli & Hugh Gravelle & Luigi Siciliani, 2018. "Effects of Market Structure and Patient Choice on Hospital Quality for Planned Patients," School of Economics Discussion Papers 1118, School of Economics, University of Surrey.
    6. Fernández-Val, Iván & Vella, Francis, 2011. "Bias corrections for two-step fixed effects panel data estimators," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 163(2), pages 144-162, August.
    7. Jens‐Peter Loy & Thore Holm & Carsten Steinhagen & Thomas Glauben, 2015. "Seasonal Quality Premiums for Wheat: A Case Study for Northern Germany," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(1), pages 63-75, January.
    8. Fernández-Val, Iván, 2009. "Fixed effects estimation of structural parameters and marginal effects in panel probit models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 150(1), pages 71-85, May.
    9. Qin, Bo & Yang, Lu, 2022. "CSR contracting and performance-induced CEO turnover," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    10. Möhring, Niklas & Dalhaus, Tobias & Enjolras, Geoffroy & Finger, Robert, 2020. "Crop insurance and pesticide use in European agriculture," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    11. Giuseppe Moscelli & Hugh Gravelle & Luigi Siciliani, 2021. "Hospital competition and quality for non‐emergency patients in the English NHS," RAND Journal of Economics, RAND Corporation, vol. 52(2), pages 382-414, June.
    12. Veeman, Michele M. & Unterschultz, James R. & Kim, Renee B., 2002. "Canadian Wheat Export Prospects In The Asian Noodle Market: Analyzing Japan And Korean Milling Industries," Project Report Series 24055, University of Alberta, Department of Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology.
    13. Xi, Xiaojing & Mamon, Rogemar, 2011. "Parameter estimation of an asset price model driven by a weak hidden Markov chain," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 28(1-2), pages 36-46, January.
    14. Hendry, David F. & Clements, Michael P., 2003. "Economic forecasting: some lessons from recent research," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 20(2), pages 301-329, March.
    15. Nemati, Mehdi & Saghaian, Sayed H., 2016. "Dynamics of Price Adjustment in Qualitatively Differentiated Markets in the U.S.: The Case of Organic and Conventional Apples," 2016 Annual Meeting, February 6-9, 2016, San Antonio, Texas 229950, Southern Agricultural Economics Association.
    16. Thierry Magnac & Eric Maurin, 2008. "Partial Identification in Monotone Binary Models: Discrete Regressors and Interval Data," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 75(3), pages 835-864.
    17. Augusto Mendoza Calderón, 2017. "El Efecto del Empleo sobre la Violencia Doméstica: Evidencia para las Mujeres Peruanas," Working Papers 99, Peruvian Economic Association.
    18. Elvio Accinelli & Juan Gabriel Brida, 2007. "Modelos económicos con múltiples regímenes," Revista de Administración, Finanzas y Economía (Journal of Management, Finance and Economics), Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de México, vol. 1(2), pages 96-115.
    19. Sastry, Narayan & Gregory, Jesse, 2013. "The effect of Hurricane Katrina on the prevalence of health impairments and disability among adults in New Orleans: Differences by age, race, and sex," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 121-129.
    20. Aastveit, Knut Are & Jore, Anne Sofie & Ravazzolo, Francesco, 2016. "Identification and real-time forecasting of Norwegian business cycles," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 283-292.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:canjag:v:69:y:2021:i:4:p:465-490. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/caefmea.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.