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Da Li Je Trifinova Dilema Još Uvek Validna? (Whether The Triffin Dilemma Is Still Valid?)

Author

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  • Radovan Kovačević

Abstract

Trifin je skrenuo pažnju na slabost Bretonvudskog sistema zbog oslonca na dolar kao rezervnu valutu. Trifinova analiza nestašice zlata u međuratnom periodu pokazala je da će se sa istim problemom susresti i Bretonvudski sistem. Smatrao je da će se svet zbog toga suočiti sa rizikom deflacije. Potrebe centralnih banaka u Bretonvudskom sistemu da povećavaju devizne rezerve će na kraju, prema Trifinu, nadmašiti raspoložive zlatne rezerve SAD. S obzirom na to da su SAD bile u obavezi da na zahteve centralnih banaka konvertuju dolare u zlato po ceni od 35 dolara za jednu uncu zlata, Trifin je smatrao da će u fazi pritiska centralnih banaka američke rezerve zlata biti iscrpljene. Prateći rast kamatnih stopa u SAD, bi, prema Trifinovim očekivanjima, doveo do globalne deflacije. Mada je Trifin smatrao da centralne banke treba da akumuliraju dolarske rezerve, zbog statusa dolara kao svetske rezervne valute i valute kojom se interveniše na deviznom tržištu, u literaturi je ostao poznat po tzv. Trifinovoj dilemi ili Trifinovom paradoksu. Suština ovog paradoksa je da dolar ne može preživeti kao svetska rezervna valuta ako SAD stalno ne povećavaju deficit tekućeg računa, da bi svet snabdevale likvidnošću. Preterana emisija dolara, na drugoj strani, povećava spoljni dug SAD do neodrživog nivoa i može potkopati vrednost dolara, ocenio je Trifin. Mada je sa raspadom Bretonvudskog sistema ova dilema izgubila na privlačnosti, jer SAD više nisu bile u obavezi da konvertuju dolare u zlato, pitanje povezanosti bilansa tekućeg računa SAD i međunarodne likvidnosti i danas intrigira analitičare. S obzirom da je dolar još uvek vodeća svetska rezervna valuta, u ovom radu pokazujemo da je deficit tekućeg računa SAD i danas važan kanal kreiranja međunarodne likvidnosti. Fiskalni aspekt Trifinove dileme sadržan je u oceni da rast globalne tražnje za sigurnim aktivama uslovljava formiranje prekomernog američkog fiskalnog deficita, koji nije održiv na duži rok. Ovaj aspekt Trifinove dileme i dalje je aktuelan. Trifinov paradoks i danas ukazuje na prednosti i teškoće koje se povezuju sa statusom nacionalne valute kao svetske rezervne valute. U praksi se uočava postojanje konvergencije interesa između SAD, koje i dalje uživaju prednosti zemlje ključne svetske valute, na jednoj strani, i zemalja kreditora koje i dalje akumuliraju dolarske aktive, na drugoj strani. U ovom radu se ukazuje na praktične implikacije statusa dolara kao svetske rezervne valute i ocenjuje životvornost Trifinove dileme danas.

Suggested Citation

  • Radovan Kovačević, 2018. "Da Li Je Trifinova Dilema Još Uvek Validna? (Whether The Triffin Dilemma Is Still Valid?)," Ekonomske ideje i praksa, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Belgrade, issue 28, pages 7-32, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:beo:ekidpr:y:2018:i:28:p:7-32
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    2. Paul Krugman, 2007. "Will there be a dollar crisis? [‘Current account fact and fiction’]," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 22(51), pages 436-467.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Trifinova dilema; međunarodne rezerve; tekući račun; međurodna investiciona pozicija;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F21 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
    • F32 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Current Account Adjustment; Short-term Capital Movements
    • F34 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - International Lending and Debt Problems
    • F42 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - International Policy Coordination and Transmission

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